They are effectively discriminated against (in this case, denied rewards) for being more severely ill. Family therapy is based on the theory that schizophrenia is associated with schizophrenogenic mothers, double bind communication, expressed emotion, or other dysfunction in the family. Read et al (2005) reviewed 46 studies of child abuse and schizophrenia and found concluded that 69% of adult women in-patients with a diagnosis of schizophrenia had a physical abuse, sexual abuse or . Another problem is the theory led's to parent blaming. Their get up and go has got up and gone! VAT reg no 816865400. Results. The ventricles of a person with schizophrenia are on average about 15% bigger than normal (Torrey, 2002). use a different sampling method, such as random or systematic OR a sample of people with schizophrenia who do not go to a self-help group. However, one explanation for this is mutation in parental DNA. Comorbidity describes people who suffer from two or more mental disorders. 2. Briefly outline family dysfunction as an explanation for schizophrenia. This is not the case with schizophrenia: The causes may be one of biological or psychological or both. Ethical issues Antipsychotics have been used in hospitals to calm patients and make them easier for staff to work with rather than for the patients benefit Can lead to the abuse of the Human Rights Act (no one should be subject to degrading treatment). Comorbidity occurs because the symptoms of different disorders overlap. 1. Liem (1974)measured patterns of parental communication in families with a schizophrenic child and found no difference when compared to normal families. Company Reg no: 04489574. Getting dressed, tokens (in the form of coloured discs) are given immediately as secondary reinforcers which can be exchanged for rewards eg. Family Dysfunction as an Explanation of Schizophrenia Miss Earle Psychology 3.57K subscribers Subscribe Share Save 2.4K views 3 years ago Family Dysfunction and Schizophrenia AO1 and AO3. When desired behavior is displayed eg. Boston Spa, Preliminary analysis: Through interviews and observation the therapist identifies strengths and weaknesses of family members and identifies problem behaviors. The focus of a token economy is on shaping and positively reinforcing desired behaviors and NOT on punishing undesirable behaviors. Holistic Identifies that patients have different triggers, genes etc. How could the researchers modify their study to deal with this problem? (2008) found that antipsychotics are generally effective for at least one year, but second- generation drugs were no more effective than first-generation ones. This limits the usefulness of token economies in treating schizophrenia. This means it cannot be used to treat schizophrenia by itself. Evidence for this comes from that fact that amphetamines increase the amounts of dopamine . Drug therapy is a biological treatment for schizophrenia. Schizophrenics returning to such a family were more likely to relapse into the disorder than those returning to a family low in EE. 3x sold. less effect on movement One biological explanation for schizophrenia is that it is passed on through the genes. Side effects are less severe where patients are taking a reduced dose, as many do today, but this can reduce the effectiveness of the drug as well. Response. they said an event was real but it was in their head. Falloon et al (1996) stress such as divorce or bereavement, causes the brain to be flooded with neurotransmitters which brings on the acute episode. Slater & Roth (1969) say that hallucinations are the least important of all the symptoms, as they are not exclusive to schizophrenic people. Schizophrenia is a severe type of mental illness that affects a person's thoughts, perceptions, and behaviors. Lengthy It takes months compared to drug therapy that takes weeks which leads to disengaged treatment as they dont see immediate effects A patient who is very distressed and perhaps suicidal may benefit better in the short term from antipsychotics. They assumed the bogus patients were schizophrenic with no real evidence. 11 Explain how family dysfunction might be involved in schizophrenia. Brown and Birley (1968) 50% people who had an acute schizophrenic episode had experienced a major life event in 3 weeks prior. Bateson et al. The basic assumption of CBT is that people often have distorted beliefs which influence their behaviour in maladaptive ways. , AQA A level Psychology paper 3 7182/3 14th June 2019 , AQA A Level Psychology Paper 3 7182/3 - 16 Jun 2022 [Exam Chat] , AQA A Level Psychology 2022 Predictions (Paper 3) . Pills are not as helpful with other symptoms, especially emotional problems. Family Dysfunction as an Explanation of Schizophrenia - YouTube They did not believe that schizophrenia was a disease. (2003) studied DNA from human families affected by schizophrenia and found that those with the disease were more likely to have a defective version of a gene, called PPP3CC which is associated with the production of calcineurin which regulates the immune system. The understanding and treatment of schizophrenia have been greatly hampered by uncertainty about etiological factors and controversy about diagnostic boundaries. Help the patient realise it is normal to have negative thoughts in certain situations. The researchers used an inferential statistical test to see if there was a significant difference in language rating between the two groups. Company Reg no: 04489574. These refer to the latest editions of the two classification systems. It is now recognised that the vulnerability could be genetic or __environmental (for example, a traumatic event in early childhood). double-bind, high expressed emotion - . The differences were so large the schizophrenic twins could be easily identified from the brain images in 12 out of 15 pairs. This is evidence that the higher the degree of genetic relativeness, the higher the risk of getting schizophrenia. All patients are in danger of relapsing but without medication the relapses are more common and more severe which suggests the drugs are effective. tutor2u is the leading support service for A-Level, GCSE, BTEC and IB students and teachers preparing for assessments, mocks and final exams. As the drugs block dopamine activity, they tend to have (sometime severe) side-effects. However, the fact that these people were on medication and having regular meetings with doctors would be expected to have that effect anyway. Last chance to attend a Grade Booster cinema workshop before the exams. There are also delusions of being paranoid, worrying that people are out to get them. To stabilize the social authority of the doctor and the family. Boston House, Schizophrenogenic mother: Proposed by Fromm-Reichmann (1948), who noted that many of her patients with schizophrenia described a particular type of parent, which she termed 'schizophrenogenic'. Research in Hampshire, by Kingdon and Kirschen (2006) found that CBT is not suitable for all patients, especially those who are too thought disorientated or agitated, who refuse medication, or who are too paranoid to form trusting alliances with practitioners. This is mainly aimed at lowering expressed emotion. Schizophrenia: Comorbidity | Psychology | tutor2u In other words the illness only manifesters itself under appropriate environmental conditions, genetics was not enough on its own. Schizophrenia Interactionist Approach Interactionist Approach Interactionist Approach Addiction Addiction Treatment Theories Aversion Therapy Behavioural Interventions Drug Therapy Gambling Addiction Nicotine Addiction Physical and Psychological Dependence Reducing Addiction Risk Factors for Addiction Six Stage Model of Behaviour Change Support for family research, Tienari et al (1994) adoption study found those adopted children who had schizophrenic parents were more likely to become ill themselves than those children with non-biological parents. Antipsychotic drugs are highly effective as they are relatively cheap to produce, easy to administer and have a positive effect on many sufferers. Study notes, videos, interactive activities and more! culture and gender bias and symptom overlap. The patients with the most severe symptoms are unable to access the tokens, as they are unable to perform the desirable behaviours. Family therapy is based on the premise that nurture (upbringing) is a significant factor in schizophrenia. However, the concordance rate for MZ twins is not 100% which suggests that other factors must also be involved. A second weakness of the neuroanatomical explanations is that it is biologically deterministic. Catatonia- staying in position for hours/days on end, cut off from the world. Pharoah identified examples of how family therapy works: It helps family members achieve a balance between caring for the individual and maintaining their own lives, it reduces anger and guilt, it improves their ability to anticipate and solve problems and forms a therapeutic alliance. Antipsychotic drugs (drugs used to reduce the intensity of the symptoms) are the most common treatment for schizophrenia. There is other evidence to support difficult family relationships in childhood are associated with increased risk of schizophrenia in adulthood. disputing techniques. More recent versions have included hypodopaminergia, where low levels of dopamine in the prefrontal cortex are believed to be responsible for some of the negative symptoms of schizophrenia. Her psychiatrist wants to change her medication from typical antipsychotics to one of the atypical antipsychotics and has also suggested cognitive behavioural therapy", What do the data in Table 1 seem to show about the effectiveness of typical and atypical antipsychotics in the treatment of schizophrenia? Culture One of the biggest controversies in relation to classification and diagnosis is to do with cultural relativism and variations in diagnosis. 806 8067 22 It is also used as a basis for the ICD (International Classification of Diseases) used by the World Health Organisation in classifying all disorders (mental and physical). AQA A LEVEL PSYCHOLOGY - schizophrenia: psychological - Quizlet THE DYSFUNCTIONAL FAMILY - Institute Of Counseling Tarrier (2005) reviewed trials of CBT, finding evidence of reduced symptoms, especially positive ones, and lower relapse rates. Faris and Dunham (1939) found clear pattern of correlation between inner city environments and levels of psychosis. Participants in Group A were a volunteer sample of people from a self-help group for people with schizophrenia. Biological explanations for schizophrenia can be criticised for being biologically reductionist. If diagnosis leads to successful treatment, the diagnosis can be seen as valid. The Genome Project has increased understanding of the complexity of the gene. Family Therapy aims to reduce levels of expressed emotion, and reduced the likelihood of relapse. Refer to one or more types of family dysfunction in your answer. Al (2011) suggest many aspects of urban living ranging from life stressors to the use of drugs, can have an effect on human epigenetics. The Interactionist approach acknowledges that there are a range of factors (including biological and psychological) which are involved in the development of schizophrenia. Diathesis-stress model: Meehl (1962) originally proposed that both a vulnerability to schizophrenia and a stress-trigger are necessary in order to develop the condition. Check out Adapt the A-level & GCSE revision timetable app. The fact that the concordance rates are not 100% means that schizophrenia cannot wholly be explained by genes and it could be that the individual has a pre-disposition to schizophrenia and simply makes the individual more at risk of developing the disorder.
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