", http://haitianrevolutionfblock.weebly.com/causes-of-the-haitian-revolution.html./, https://www.pbs.org/marieantoinette/timeline/reign.html, http://scholar.library.miami.edu/slaves/san_domingo_revolution/, "Causes of the Haitian Revolution - Haitian Revolution", "Haitian Revolution (17911804) | The Black Past: Remembered and Reclaimed", "Dessaliness Proclamation: Liberty or Death", "From Slave Revolt to a Blood Pact with Satan: The Evangelical Rewriting of Haitian History", Koekkoek, Ren (2020) The Citizenship Experiment Contesting the Limits of Civic Equality and Participation in the Age of Revolutions. Posted by: Mike Duncan (podcaster) - Wikipedia In 1789 the French Revolution began with a cry for Liberty, Equality, and Fraternity. [46] Within the next ten days, slaves had taken control of the entire Northern Province in an unprecedented slave revolt. [citation needed] Dessalines offered citizenship and assistance to slaves in Martinique and Guadeloupe so that they could start their own uprisings. [86] Rigaud took control of Jeremie without any cost to his forces, as Maitland withdrew his southern forces to Jamaica. While the exiles found themselves in a peaceful situation in the United Statessafe from the violence raging in both France and Haititheir presence complicated the already precarious diplomatic relations among Britain, France, and the U.S. [47] At least 900 coffee plantations were destroyed, and the total damage inflicted over the next two weeks amounted to 2 million francs. Initially, Duncan planned to limit his podcast to 12-15 episodes per revolution, but he ran over that self-imposed limit with the English Civil War and the American Revolution and decided to give up on it for the French Revolution, which ultimately ended up being 54 episodes (not counting supplemental episodes). Some[who?] He further thought that taking Saint-Domingue, the richest of the French colonies, would be a useful bargaining chip in eventual peace negotiations with France, and in the interim, occupying Saint-Domingue would mean diverting its great wealth into the British treasury. Thanks, and keep up the amazing work! distinguish the Haitian Revolution from the French Revolution. [87], Maitland knew that his forces could not defeat Toussaint, and that he had to take action to protect Jamaica from invasion. France was not going to let this happen. June 3, 2022 Hosted by Michael Barbaro Produced by Mooj Zadie , Rob. [154] American slaveholders, in particular, commiserated with the French planters who had been forcibly removed from their plantations in Saint-Domingue. The Historical, Political And Social Conditions That Led Haiti To - NPR [114] Rochambeau imported about 15,000 attack dogs from Jamaica, who had been trained to savage blacks and mulattoes. "Impact of the French and Haitian Revolutions." In March 1798 Maitland returned with a mandate to withdraw, at least from Port-au-Prince. "[13] As he had done with The History of Rome podcast, Duncan ran a series of tours to accompany the podcast which visited historical sites mentioned on the show. Within the first couple of years, Toussaint LOuverture arose as a leader. PBS. Appendix 1- Coming Full Circle. The Haitian Revolution was a revolution ignited from below, by the underrepresented majority of the population. Posted by: The Cost of Haiti's Freedom - The New York Times [106] By the end of March, 5,000 French soldiers had died of yellow fever and another 5,000 were hospitalized with yellow fever, leading to a worried Leclerc to write in his diary: "The rainy season has arrived. [168] One thing is certain: Haiti became an independent country on 1 January 1804, when the council of generals chose Jean-Jacques Dessalines to assume the office of governor-general. Reportedly, he also ordered the unwilling to take part in the killings, especially men of mixed-race, so that blame would not rest solely on the black population. They werent very organized, and they werent very well equipped. For months, they just went across the island burning the plantations and infrastructure. The largest sugar plantations and concentrations of slaves were in the north of the islands, and whites lived in fear of slave rebellion. [104] A visibly shocked General Pamphile de Lacroix after seeing the ruins of Logne wrote: "They heaped up bodies" which "still had their attitudes; they were bent over, their hands outstretched and beseeching; the ice of death had not effaced the look on their faces". The Haitian Revolution brought about two unintended consequences: the creation of a continental America and the virtual end of Napoleonic rule in the Americas.[157]. [7], Duncan's interest in Roman history grew from a "general interest in ancient civilizations." Under the military leadership of Toussaint, the former slaves succeeded in winning concessions from the British and expelled the Spanish forces. Tear up the roads with shot; throw corpses and horses into all the foundations, burn and annihilate everything in order that those who have come to reduce us to slavery may have before their eyes the image of the hell which they deserve". Both of these racially charged symbols reveal the desire to undermine the colony's attempts at independent legitimacy, as citizens of the colonies were not able to access the elite class of French Revolutionaries because of their race. Shanna Mills. Many of them joined Toussaint's army. [106], After the Battle of Crte--Pierrot, the Haitians abandoned conventional warfare and reverted to guerrilla tactics, making the French hold over much of the countryside from Le Cap down to the Artibonite valley very tenuous. He lost interest in commanding his army and as James wrote, he "amused himself with sexual pleasures, military balls, banquets and the amassing of a personal fortune".[114]. Around that time, colonial legislations, concerned with this growing and strengthening population, passed discriminatory laws that required these freedmen to wear distinctive clothing and limited where they could live. [19][pageneeded]. The Most Important Revolutions That Shaped World History All of these groups were near equal in number, working together. [38] The Plaine-du-Nord on the northern shore of Saint-Domingue was the most fertile area, having the largest sugar plantations and therefore the most slaves. The portrait of Belley by Anne-Louis Girodet de Roussy-Trioson depicts a man who encompasses the French view of its colonies, creating a stark dichotomy between the refinement of Enlightenment thought and the reality of the situation in Saint-Domingue, through the bust of Raynal and the figure of Belley, respectively. [2] Duncan and his wife have two children. Starting in the 1730s, French engineers constructed complex irrigation systems to increase sugarcane production. . [29][pageneeded], Like Louverture, Jean-Baptiste Belley was an active participant in the insurrection. Before his arrival, there were only a few killings, despite his orders. . Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the ideas, people and events that have shaped our world. [110][111][112] Du Bois said that the Haitian Revolution was an economic pressure without which the British parliament would not have accepted abolitionism as readily. Associate Director of the Center for Latin American Studies at the University of Chicago, Postdoctoral Fellow, Institute for Historical Studies, The University of Texas at Austin, University of Texas Liberal Arts Instructional Technology Services, https://15minutehistory.org/podcast-player/117/episode-11-the-haitian-revolution.mp3, Episode 6: Effects of the Atlantic Slave Trade on the Americas. [105] The first of the French columns to appear before the fort was commanded by General Jean Boudet, whose men were harassed by skirmishers until they reached a deep ditch the Haitians had dug. On 8 October 1803, the French abandoned Port-au-Prince as Rochambeau decided to concentrate what was left of his army at Le Cap. BBC Radio 4 - You're Dead To Me, The Haitian Revolution Revolutions (podcast) - Mike Duncan | Listen Notes After Haiti gained its independence, the Poles acquired Haitian citizenship for their loyalty and support in overthrowing the French colonialists, and were called "black" by the Haitian constitution. S2 Ep 5: Nouveaux Dsordres Coloniaux by Dcolonisations - Hati While the southern republic did not have as much focus on economic development, and put more attention on liberal land distribution and education, the northern kingdom went on to become relatively wealthy, though wealth distribution was disputed. In addition, he led an invasion of neighboring Santo Domingo (December 1800), and freed the slaves there on 3 January 1801. Revolutions on Apple Podcasts Cities and commercial centers were moved to the interior of the country, while less important ones were kept to the coast, so they could be burnt down completely to discourage the French; many commentators believe that this over militarization contributed to many of Haiti's future problems. While some white refugees blamed the French Revolutionary government for sparking the violence in Haiti, many supported the Republican regime and openly expressed their support of the Jacobins. [109] [19] In addition to these interregional tensions, there were conflicts between proponents of independence, those loyal to France, and allies of Britain and Spainwho coveted control of the valuable colony. Accessed 26 March 2015. I listen anytime Im on a long drive in Texas. As such, they were demanding their rights as Frenchmen which had been granted by the king. The podcast covers the time period from the origin of the Roman Kingdom to the fall of the Western Roman Empire, focusing on the most accepted chain of events according to historical consensus. [56] Louverture, the ablest of the Haitian generals, had joined the Spanish, accepting an officer's commission in the Spanish Army and being made a knight in the Order of St. Political prisoners share how Jimmy Carter saved their lives D | As Leclerc lay dying of yellow fever and heard that Christophe and Dessalines had joined the rebels, he reacted by ordering all of the blacks living in Le Cap to be killed by drowning in the harbour. Many planters or young unmarried men had relations with African or Afro-Caribbean women, sometimes providing for their freedom and that of their children, as well as providing for education of the mixed-race children, especially the boys. [18] The introduction to each episode is a clip from the second movement of Joseph Haydn's Symphony 92 (Oxford).[19]. But today we proclaim it to the universe, and generations to come will glory in this decree; we are proclaiming universal liberty We are working for future generations; let us launch liberty into the colonies; the English are dead, today.[70]. In 1789, there was a population of 40,000 whites and 500,000 slaves. The period of violence during the French Revolution is known as the Reign of Terror. The Code Noir required 2 1/2 pounds of manioc and either two pounds of salt beef or three pounds of fish every week, but generally most slaves only got a few potatoes and a little bit of water every day. On 24 October 2017, Duncan published The Storm Before The Storm, a non-fiction work which explores Rome between 14678 BC, the period predating the end of the Roman Republic. [99], Toussaint Louverture, although a self-educated former domestic slave, was one of the most successful black commanders. [55] A new governor sent by Paris, Lger-Flicit Sonthonax, abolished slavery in the Northern Province and had hostile relations with the planters, whom he saw as royalists. [106] Even Rochambeau, who hated all blacks was forced to admit in a report: "Their retreatthis miraculous retreat from our trapwas an incredible feat of arms". To realise this goal, Dessalines adopted the economic organisation of serfdom. The country was damaged from years of war, its agriculture devastated, its formal commerce nonexistent. 07 December 2015 at 11:08 AM. Girard, Philippe. Dessalines won a string of victories against Leclerc and Rochambeau, becoming arguably the most successful military commander in the struggle against Napoleonic France.[118]. Studies in the History of Political Thought, "Freedom at All Cost: Remembering History's Greatest Slave Rebellion", "Invade Haiti, Wall Street Urged. "International Repercussions of the Haitian Revolution. . [125] The affranchi lite, who continued to rule Haiti while the formidable Haitian army kept them in power. "Haitian Revolution." What was the spark that finally lit the fire? King Louis XIV of France passed the Code Noir in 1685 in an attempt to regulate such violence and the treatment of slaves in general in the colony, but masters openly and consistently broke the code. [63] Rigaud failed in attempt to retake Port-au-Prince, but on Christmas Day 1794, he stormed and retook Tiburon in a surprise attack. And boy did it get messy. If anyone Is looking for a good Map visualization to keep track while hearing the podcast. Nevertheless, he succeeded in rebuilding much of the country and in raising production levels, thus slowly rebuilding the economy.[126]. [64] On 22 September 1793, Mole St. Nicolas, the main French naval base in Saint-Domingue, surrendered to the Royal Navy peacefully. Tour dates and links: Sept. 6 Madison -- Mystery to Me Sept. 7 Chicago -- Seminary Co-Op Sept. 8 Portland -- Powell's Books Sept. 9 Seattle -- Elliott Bay Book Company Sept. 12 Boulder -- Boulder Book . Language links are at the top of the page across from the title. One of the more notable examples of this included Haiti's involvement with Gran Colombia, where Dessalines and Petion both offered aid, ammunitions, and asylum to Francisco de Miranda and Simn Bolvar, who even went as far as to credit Haiti for the liberation of his country. [71] Fortescue wrote that the aim of the British in the first expedition had been to destroy "the power of France in these pestilent islands only to discover when it was too late, that they practically destroyed the British army". [83] On 7 June 1797, Toussaint attacked Fort Churchill in an assault that was as noted for its professionalism as for its ferocity. [106], On 25 April 1802, the situation suddenly changed when Christophe defected, along with much of the Haitian Army, to the French. In it, the new head of state made the case for the new nation's objective: the permanent abolition of slavery in Haiti.
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