"Evaluating Tactical Patrol." NIJ Research Preview. Intensive field interview initiatives have been shown to help reduce burglary,41 as have aggressive patrol,42 traffic enforcement,43 drunken-driving enforcement,44 and street-level drug enforcement.45 Simply adding more patrol officers to an area does not appear to reduce burglary,46 although one study did conclude that extra slow-moving patrols did reduce nighttime commercial burglaries (but not daytime residential burglaries), albeit at a prohibitively high cost.47, See the problem-specific guides on Burglary of Single-Family Houses [Full text] and Burglary of Retail Establishments. "Developing More Effective Strategies for Curbing Prostitution." Current Issues in Criminal Justice 13(1): 5-22. San Diego Field Interrogation: Final Report . (1974). If buyers remain highly motivated to get drugs in spite of a crackdown, and the crackdown causes drug prices to rise, buyers might commit more crime to finance their habit.72 (However, street-level drug enforcement typically reduces drug availability rather than raises prices.73) Each of these possible consequences poses a challenge for police. Drug enforcement crackdowns that reduce overall drug use will also reduce the need for cash to buy drugs, and thereby provide the added benefit of reducing some of the need to commit crimes to get cash. The initiative involved a deliberate focus on incoming traffic, passive deterrence through high visibility, and increased efforts to intercept buyers and sellers through a greater police presence. Officers told arrestees they would focus enforcement on them as long as they stayed in the target area, and gave them fliers designating University Avenue as off-limits to crack users. What prompted India-Pakistan ceasefire pact along Kashmir border 327 0 obj << /Linearized 1 /O 329 /H [ 1267 1997 ] /L 534152 /E 52591 /N 78 /T 527493 >> endobj xref 327 42 0000000016 00000 n The quality and focus of these submissions vary considerably. PDF JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN CRIME AND DELINQUENCYBraga et al. / PROBLEM Washington , D.C. : Police Foundation. The studies listed are not of equal value: some were better implemented than others, some were better evaluated than others. The one major pro I as well as we can take away from the movement was that its goal . 2001). Our meta-analysis suggests that focused deterrence strategies are associated with an overall. Center for Evidence-Based Crime Policy, "Focused Deterrence Strategies," webpage, undated. Washington , D.C. : U.S. Bureau of Justice Assistance. --- (1990). A more detailed discussion on these issues can be found in Saunders et al. But carefully planned crackdowns, well supported by prior problem analysis, implemented with other responses to ensure longer-term gains, and conducted in a way that maintains public support and safeguards civil rights, can be an important and effective part of police strategies regarding a range of crime and disorder problems. Thousand Oaks , Calif. : Sage. Without proper planning and supervision, crackdowns hold the potential for abuse of police authority. In addition to Oakland and Salinas in the Northern District, East Palo Alto, Richmond and Union City have been added to the Safe Community Partnership/Operation Ceasefire program. Weiss, A., and E. McGarrell (1999). See the response guide on Street Closures [Full text]for further information about the effects of street design on crime and disorder. 0000049135 00000 n Operation Ceasefire was first implemented in May 1996 as a coordinated, citywide strategy aimed at deterring juvenile and gang firearm violence. Once again, the potential for criticism does not necessarily make crackdowns inadvisable; sometimes, displacing a problem from an area that has suffered disproportionately, to other areas that haven't, can be justified as a more equitable distribution of suffering. Operation Ceasefire, an audacious approach to reducing gang-related violence that was developed by David Kennedy, a professor at John Jay College of Criminal Justice, was still largely unproven in . [Full text]. The attributes we identified for analysis captured whether the studies intervention descriptions included the following: As shown in Table 1, sites that (1) attempted to precisely duplicate Boston's Operation Ceasefire or had an alternate comprehensive strategy, (2) explicitly deterred violence (rather than drug dealing), (3) had formal intervention meetings, and (4) leveraged some form of ongoing community support for individuals outside of police presence did significantly better, on average, than those that did not.4, View the focused deterrence strategy guide, Find those at risk of being involved with violence, Provide services to those who want to change, Have community members provide ongoing support, Enhance enforcement for persons and groups that persist in crime, Analyzing the Evidence for Focused Deterrence, http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1745-9133.12353/pdf, http://cebcp.org/evidence-based-policing/what-works-in-policing/research-evidence-review/focused-deterrence/, https://nlp.stanford.edu/IR-book/html/htmledition/hierarchical-clustering-1.html, https://nnscommunities.org/uploads/DMI_Guide.pdf, https://nnscommunities.org/uploads/GVI_Guide_2016.pdf, those who will run formal intervention meetings, those who will run ongoing communications with intervention recipients and those in the community monitoring them, outreach links to community organizations and other agencies that will provide the services. Josi, D., M. Donahue, and R. Magnus (2000). Policing Pubs: Evaluation of a Licensing Enforcement Strategy . These penalties will range from focused and enhanced prosecution for the violent crimes to arrests and other penalties for any low-level offense (drug trafficking, illegal gambling, etc.) [Full text] [Briefing Note], McGarrell, E., S. Chermak, and A. Weiss (1999). Target Anti-Crime Response Team, Broward County Sheriff's Department, 2002, Street National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders (1968). Butterfield 1996; Witkin 1997). Those interested should read the original study reports to better judge the reliability of the findings and conclusions. D 0000023245 00000 n Send an e-mail with a link to this guide. The table below summarizes published studies on crackdowns. Respectful and Effective Policing: Two Examples in the South Bronx . These campaigns significantly increase the risks of arrest, at least temporarily, bringing large numbers of prostitutes and clients into the formal justice system. Boston's Operation Ceasefire (Braga and Weisburd, 2015) provides a commonly used template for focused deterrence meetings. 0000028605 00000 n Several studies have shown that when police explain the purpose and scope of crackdowns to the public ahead of time, as well as to the people they stop during crackdowns, they can gain public support, support that continues while the crackdown is in effect. There is no universally accepted definition of a ceasefire, and the use of the term varies widely. Substantial increases in police presence in an area are usually hard to sustain for long periods due to the costs.30 Whether or not crackdown-related expenses are justified depends on how sure you are that the crackdown prevented crime and disorder. At these meetings, the working group will set forth a two-part message: (a) gun violence must stop immediately or criminal justice agencies will intervene quickly and forcefully against those responsible; and (b) the group is there to support the gang members and youth with intensive services and employment. Law and Society Review 22(1):163-189. Officers used informants to spread the word that the operation was continuing. 0000003735 00000 n Davis and Lurigio (1996); Caulkins, Larson, and Rich (1993); Smith et al. of the Happy Shopper [Tilley Award Finalist], Crackdowns are designed to apprehend many offenders, some of whom will be serious and/or high-rate. For crackdowns to be effective, they must be sufficiently strong and long: strong enough doses of police intervention for long enough periods. There are several variants of focused deterrence. Responses not directly addressed in this guide include. Operation Ceasefire -- Boston, MA : Program in Criminal Justice Policy and Management, John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University . See Connors and Nugent (1990) for a discussion of how these factors affect the choice of drug enforcement tactics. Sherman, L., and D. Weisburd (1995). Impact on the rest of the criminal justice system. Several well-evaluated studies have shown that crackdowns targeting gun offenses can reduce gun-related crime. Indianapolis : Crime Control Policy Center, Hudson Institute. 0000004026 00000 n Measuring the numbers of stops, searches, arrests, etc., made during a crackdown, and the sanctions imposed on offenders, is important for understanding the degree to which the crackdown was actually applied, but these are measures only of the process, and not of the outcomes crackdowns are intended to achieve. According to the Office of Justice Programs, Operation Ceasefire "seeks to reduce gang violence, illegal gun possession, and gun violence in communities." Officials for Operation Ceasefire advocate for local law enforcement to vamp up patrols in areas where violent crime is common. [11], Studies of Boston Operation Ceasefire found a 63% reduction in youth homicide. Campbell, D., and H. Ross (1968). Providing adequate treatment services and monitoring offenders after conviction to ensure their sobriety are particularly important to maximize the benefits of drug crackdowns.66 Most drug crackdowns require some period of police maintenance to ensure the market does not reemerge after the crackdown ends.67, A number of local factors affect the likelihood that a specific drug crackdown tactic will be effective against a particular market. Displacement, where and when it does occur, seldom occurs at 100 percent. Journal of Criminal Justice 22(5):437-444. Weidner, R. (1999). Program Profile: Operation Ceasefire (Boston, Mass.) seeking enhanced penalties (for example, by filing cases typically prosecuted under state laws under federal laws). Wilson, J., and G. Kelling (1982). 0000051411 00000 n The National Network for Safe Communities (2016) provides a detailed guidebook on the core model for conducting focused deterrence for groups, the Group Violence Intervention (PDF), which is an updated version of Boston's Operation Ceasefire model for focused deterrence. Alcohol Misuse Enforcement Campaign, Greater Manchester Police (Manchester, [Full text], Jacobson, J. There are also financial and staffing implications of adopting a cycle of cycle of crackdown and consolidation, and the neighborhood must buy-in to the concepts of the program for it to be effective. They offer the promise of firm, immediate action and quick, decisive results. European Journal of Operational Research 88:231-250. US), 1997, Crime Tip: The following actions are intended strictly for individuals engaging in violence after being warned. However, additional responses, particularly those that emphasize better management of places where drug dealing occurs, are typically required to achieve more lasting effects. 0000005455 00000 n Wilson, J., and B. Boland (1978). Several researchers have asserted that the best way to maximize the benefits of crackdowns is to conduct them briefly and intensively, rotate them among several target areas, and resume them either at unpredictable times in the future or when target offenses return to certain predetermined levels.7. [18], In 2003, the program received the United States Department of Justice's "Outstanding Comprehensive Strategic Plan Award".[19]. The services component of focused deterrence tends to be the least covered in practice, which is unfortunate because incentives for desisting from violence are as important as sanctions for disobedience. However, this longer-term solution falls outside the usual bounds of developmental project funding. [Full text], Matthews, R. (1997). Tip: Agencies that want to use focused deterrence to reduce gang violence should focus their intervention meetings and other efforts on deterring future violence as opposed to, for example, deterring drug activity and hoping for an indirect effect on violence. The Operation Ceasefire entailed deterrence aimed at the group itself, not individuals. 0000013601 00000 n Cobra [Tilley Award Finalist], Hampshire Guilderland, N.Y.: Harrow and Heston. Braga (2001); Braga et al. Washington , D.C. : U.S. Department of Justice, National Institute of Justice. The Operation Ceasefire model is being used in California under the program name Safe Community Partnership (SCP). Road Project, Northumbria Police (Northumbria, UK), 2004, The TheOperationCeasefireinterventionis,initsbroadestsense,adeterrence strategy. The Effects of Focused Deterrence Strategies on Crime - ResearchGate Crackdowns designed to reduce burglary are typically of two types: those that focus on known burglars, and those that focus on other behavior thought to be connected to burglary (e.g., drug dealing, traffic violations, suspicious activity).
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