George Barrie and Sons, Philadelphia. (e.g. the C-14 date of 32 A.D. - 769 A.D. Wilson et al. However, the fifth letter of the second word is clearly different in the two 3 at Bat Creek is also rather similar (to Woodland mounds -authors) but apparently possessed non-typical traits such as copper ornaments and enigmatic engraved stone" (1952:218) "The relationships and cultural significance of much of the material excavated by the earlier archaeologists in this area can be explained in light of recent and intensive investigations, but some of the phenomena uncovered by Emmert has never been duplicated. 12/28/05. Take for example the supposed elephant mound of Wisconsin which has played an important role in most of the works relating to the mound-builders of the Mississippi valley, but is now generally conceded to be the effigy of a bear, the snout, the elephantine feature, resulting from drifting sand. 1968 The Kensington Rune Stone: New Light on an Old Riddle. "The Translation" with Dr. Arnold Murray, Shepherd's Chapel, a Special Documentary, in which Dr. Arnold takes us to Louden Co, TN, the Bat Creek Stone location, providing the only ACCURATE translation of this Ancient Paleo-Hebrew writing over 2000 years old right here in the great USA! These eight characters are, on average, 23mm in depth. A.M. Kelley, New York. Hebrew writing inscription found in America- The Bat Creek Stone "MEGALITHS" With Dr Barry Fell & Dr Arnold Murray, Shepherd's Chapel "They Came A Viking" - E. Raymond Capt, Shepherd's Chapel, "North American Sun Kings" - Dr. Mahan & Dr. Arnold Murray, Shepherd's Chapel, "CHRISTMAS" Dr Arnold Murray, Shepherd's Chapel. [1] The consensus among archaeologists is that the tablet is a hoax,[1][3] although some have argued that the ancient Hebrew text on the stone supports pre-Columbian transoceanic contact theories. McCulloch (1988) identifies sign ii as "waw" based partially on a fourth century B.C. Does Arnold Murray understand Hebrew? In fact, the stone came to be recognized by some as "representing the most convincing evidence" in support of "the assertion that the Americas were regularly visited, if not colonized, by Old World seafarers". The Bat Creek Stone Courtesy of Tennessee Anthropological Association Once the engraved stone was in Emmert's hands, local Republicans tried to get Emmert to sendthe stone to Knoxville to have it "translated." The actual chart which Blackman used to copy theletters had been published in a book in l882. Jones 2004) that Coelbren itself Thomas, Cyrus, "Mound Explorations," in Twelfth Annual Report [7], When the Bat Creek Inscription was found, it entered into this important debate about who the mound builders were. pp. 79-123. fact there is already a D on Bat Creek, at the end of the second word, Nothing resembling the mass bundle burials which he found on Long Island in Roane County and on the McGhee Farm in Monroe County has been recovered in more recent work. but as such is not well made, since in Paleo-Hebrew it should 1910 Cyrus Thomas Obituary. as in English or modern Hebrew. words are separated. American Antiquarian and Oriental Journal 12(1):54. coinscript letters to transcribe The radiocarbon date and the publication of McCulloch's article in a local professional journal have significantly enhanced the Bat Creek stone's status as the "cornerstone" of the pre-Columbian contacts movement. Cultivating trust, producing knowledge: The management of archaeological labour and the making of a discipline. Despite their academic trappings, rogue professors "have lost the absolutely essential ability to make qualitative assessments of the data they are studying," while often ignoring scientific standards of testing and veracity. found the new bulla cribbed it from Macoy's book, string LYHW- in the word LYHWKL, or Thames & Hudson, London, 1968. However this accord was broken in the 1970s when the Bat Creek Inscription was adopted by proponents of Pre-Columbian transatlantic contact theories. 1894 Report on the Mound Explorations of the Bureau of Ethnology. "The Translation" (Bat Creek Stone), Dr. Arnold Murray, Shepherd's In the newspaper article (our version is taken from the Nashville Tennessean, 19 October 1970, pp. 1900 Myths of the Cherokee. Stones bearing inscriptions in Hebrew or other Old World characters have at last been banished from the list of prehistoric relics. Bat Creek: Excavations in the Smithsonian Archives,", "The Bat Creek Inscription: Did Judean Mound 2 had a diameter of 44 feet (13m) and height of 10 feet (3.0m), and Mound 3 had a diameter of 28 feet (8.5m) and height of 5 feet (1.5m). ancient times, were clearly engraved in Coelbren letters, Additionally, there are very few references to the stone in the professional archaeological literature. [1] It is inscribed in Paleo Hebrew. sign iv) or he_ (cf. While McCulloch seems to imply that professional archaeologists would be horrified by such a prospect, the anomalous nature of some of Emmert's reported findings has long been recognized. The Bat Creek (Tennessee) stone, an artifact discovered in 1889, was assumed . 1979 Canaanites in America: a New Scripture in Stone? [9] Historian Sarah E. Baires writes that the attribution of the mound builders to "any groupother than Native Americans" reflects the "practices" of European settlers that primarily "included the erasure of Native American ties to their cultural landscapes". [1] In the report, Cyrus Thomas "claimed that the marks on the Bat Creek stone represented characters of the Cherokee syllabary and used the inscription to support his hypothesis that the Cherokee constructed many of the earthen mounds and enclosures in eastern North America". Brain, Jeffrey P. 1987 Cult Archaeology and Creationism: Understanding PseudoscientificBeliefs about the Past. 3, Such findings may finally provide precedent to re-examine the Newark Holy Stones which also bear ancient Hebrew inscriptions and were recovered from a Hopewell burial mound near Newark Ohio. Second, the brass bracelets reportedly found in association with the inscribed stone are in all probability relatively modern European trade items; the composition of the brass is equivocal with respect to the age of the bracelets. A Review of Arnold Murray's Translation of the Bat Creek Stone IshMelamaid 18 subscribers Subscribe 33 Share 10K views 10 years ago Does Arnold Murray understand Hebrew? Emmert, John W. Pp 181, This page was last edited on 15 March 2023, at 01:56. now a TVA Another of from the mound 40 years before the excavation and that it 1976 America B.C. Gordon, Cyrus, "The Bat Creek Inscription," in C.H. give no reference for what they regard as an Please feel free to contact us with any questions or comments you have about our organization. 17-21. Antiquity 58(233):126-128. the top, the roots of which ran During the last 20 years, the assertion that the Americas were visited numerous times by Old World seafarers has seen a major resurgence of interest, as witnessed by numerous best-selling books on the subject (e.g., Fell 1976; Gordon 1971, 1974) and the establishment of several "epigraphic societies" (i.e., amateur societies interested in the decipherment of alleged pre-Columbian inscriptions) devoted to proving these claims. All images. My reply to the new Mainfort Mainfort 1979:357-359). In McCulloch (1988) I note that Serenwen (undated). The Bat Creek Stone was professionally excavated in 1889 from an undisturbed burial mound in Eastern Tennessee by the Smithsonian's Mound Survey project. The Tellico Plains Mountain Press, undated. longer word, and identifed the second letter of the shorter Hodges, New York. Fel1, Barry Also relevant here is the. The Bat Creek mounds (40LD24) were located near the confluence of Bat Creek and the Little Tennessee River in Loudon County, Tennessee. Paleo-Hebrew of approximately the first or second century Above the vault, an intrusive Historic burial containing 2 brass (probably silver plated) trade brooches, a metal button, and fragments of preserved buckskin were encountered. Washington. (Same illustration is on p. 169 of 1870 edition Why Should Latter-day Saints Beware Fraudulent Artifacts? 1970b Prof Says Jews Found America. 1975 Archaeological Investigations at the Harrison Branch and Bat Creek Sites. The findspot was about Per Barbara Duncan, Education Director, Museum of the Cherokee Indian. 1-16, rejoinder by M&K, TA Fall is known. [2] According to the American Petrographic Services' evaluation of the stone, the marks are characterized by smooth, "rounded grooves". The inscription consists of at least eight distinct characters. do have essentially the same form, but are in fact different: on the second Bat Creek letter, The Bat Creek Stone was recovered during a professional archaeological dig by John W. Emmert of the Smithsonian Institutions Bureau of Ethnology in 1889, during its Mound Survey Project. This of course begs the question of why Thomas did not admit to the failings of his magnum opus in a more direct manner. : Ancient Settlers in the New World. Since summarily rejected by American Antiquity as being "far [3] He asserted that the inscription "could be translated as some variation of 'For the Jews'". Although the authors have no formal training in the Cherokee syllabary (nor do cult archaeology writers such as Gordon and McCulloch), it seems necessary to American Anthropologist 12:337-343. McClung Museum LYHWD[M], or "for the Judeans.". The stones inscription was translated into English by several Hebrew language scholars. The Bat Creek Stone Revisited: A Fraud Exposed inscription, in Old Hebrew letters closely related to those in The inscribed signs generally penetrate through the patina, revealing the lighter interior matrix of the stone, but two signs (signs vi and vii on the left side of the stone as illustrated here) are noticeably shallower, as are portions of several others. George Barrie and Sons, Philadelphia. 1907 Handbook of American Indians North of Mexico.Smithsonian Institution, Bureau of American Ethnology, Bulletin No. Cherokee in either In 1964, Chicago patent attorney Henriette Mertz and Hebrew linguistics expert Dr. Cyrus Gordon identified the writing as a form of ancient Paleo-Hebrew Judean. They discovered that the stone had been published by the Smithsonian upside down and that it was legible Hebrew, once the stone was rotated 180 degrees. David and Charles, Newton Abbot. The BatCreek Stone The potential significance of the Bat Creek stone rests primarily on the decipherment of the 8 characters inscribed upon it. the word that follows. 207-225. As we discuss below, the Bat Creek stone received scant attention from . This conclusion stems in part from the fact that there were few (if any) other noteworthy "recent" publications on North American prehistory, and certainly none that included large numbers of illustrations of both "ancient works" and artifacts. with mem, in which case this word would instead read 1982. And where was this stone recovered? Shepherd's Chapel with Pastor Arnold Murray. conceivably be either an aleph or a waw, A134902-0 in the Department of Anthropology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution. Printed by the author, Chicago. space as in English or modern Hebrew. Introduction Freemasonry, The Little Tennessee River enters Tennessee from the Appalachian Mountains to the south and flows northward for just over 50 miles (80km) before emptying into the Tennessee River near Lenoir City. It was from the smaller Mound 3 that the inscribed stone was allegedly recovered. The latter was inextricably linked to the Moundbuilder debate (Silverberg 1968). ", "Let's be Serious About the Bat Creek Stone", "White Settlers Buried the Truth About the Midwest's Mysterious Mound Cities", "Introduction: Settler Colonialism, History, and Theory", "Cyrus H. Gordon (1908-2001): A Giant among Scholars", "Additional digging uncovers source of Bat Creek hoax". as well as a pleasant destination for hikers and boaters. [3] More specifically, Thomas focused on assessing the connection between the mound-builders and the Indigenous communities who lived in the area during European colonization. Bat Creek Stone Examination by Scott Wolter Houghton Mifflin, Boston. A.D. assumed that the words should be separated by a space, detail could have been copied from Macoy's illustration, Since other signs are not claimed to be fourth century, the comparison is clearly illegitimate. Welsh Discover America," unsigned online press release at It has been suggested that Emmert lacked sufficient education to forge the Bat Creek inscription (McCulloch: 1988: 114), but as with similar arguments made in defense of the Kennsington runestone (e.g., Gordon 1974:30), this assertion is not valid. Ingstad, Helge 169-413. Smithsonian Institution, Bureau of American Ethnology, Bulletin No. This CHANNEL IS NOT MONITIZED and never will be monetized. In: Book of the Descendants of Doctor Benjamin Lee and Dorothy Gordon, edited by M.B. down to the skeletons." prime minister of Israel from 1996-1999 and 2009-present. 1-2), Gordon was quoted as saying that: "Various pieces of evidence point in the direction of migrations (to North America) from the Mediterranean in Roman times. the fit as Hebrew is by no means perfect (McCarter 1993). Two of these are Thomas's (1890, 1894) own publications, as cited earlier. Bat Creek Stone! - Friends N Christ Unlike the Davenport frauds and the Kennsington runestone, the Bat Creek stone generated little interest, and consequently there is no "paper trail" to follow. Lacking the critical standard of most scholars, rogue professors "have the opportunity to rogue or defraud the public" (Williams 1988a:20). illustration, making the Bat Creek word "for Judea." Accessed 12/29/05. The Cherokees in Pre-Columbian Times, N.D.C. 1981 Radiocarbon Dating in Eastern Arctic Archaeology: a Flexible Approach. Used by permission. The specimens from Bat Creek (Figure 2), however, exhibit a seam and a hollow core indicating that they were wrought, rather than cut from brass wire. Together, these stones may work in concert to verify the presence of ancient Hebrew civilizations in the heartland of America. Ventnor Publishers, Ventnor, N.J. or "dh ' 7NESb" in Thomas's orientation. 2013 Gregory . Anthropological Journal of Canada 16(1):2-37. 1971 The Bat Creek Stone. scroll. In this respect, they appear to be similar to the heavier brass bracelets found with the "Tunica Treasure" (Brain 1979:193-194). Atlantic,, Chicago, 1964. Other individuals who provided source material used in this paper include Charles Faulkner, J. Houston McCulloch, Joseph B. Mahan, Michael Moore, and Stephen Williams. Mainfort, Robert C., and Mary L. Kwas, "The Bat Creek Stone Revisited: A Fraud 1993, pp. The Bat Creek stone from eastern Tennessee is a notable exception and is considered by cult archaeologists to be the best piece of evidence for pre-Columbian contacts by Old World cultures. Tennessee Archaeologist 27(2):38-45. An extensive review of roughly contemporary and later professional literature contradicts this assertion. Our mission is to defend, protect, and preserve free speech online for all people. The Bat Creek word also has the remnant of a sixth letter, Thomas did not excavate the mounds himself, but delegated field work to assistants. Although largely laid to rest by the beginning of the twentieth century, both issues continue to surface periodically (e.g., Fell 1976; Carter 1978), falling within the realm of what is often referred to as "cult archaeology" (Cole 1980; Harrold and Eve 1987). The Bat Creek stone (Catalogue No. 1-19, von Wuthenau, Alexander Many previously declared hoaxes may be reanalyzed using more objective and less biased examination. Bat Creek Stone - Joseph Smith Foundation Bat Creek inscription Hence, Thomas's interpretation, although incorrect, at least had some basis. The stone has some crude carvings that some interpret as "paleo-Hebrew" but have previously been considered an early form of Cherokee or completely fake. Dated 2004, accessed LYHW- on both the Yehucal bulla and the Masonic illustration reply 1974 Riddles in History. Reprinted in Ancient American Vol. This ratio of copper to zinc is It was most likely copied from the General History, Cyclopedia, and Dictionary of Freemasonry. 1986 Historical Aspects of the Calaveras Skull Controversy. It is safe therefore to base important conclusions only on monuments in reference to which there is no doubt, and on articles whose history, as regards the finding, is fully known, except where the type is well established from genuine antiquities. These signs have been identified by Gordon (1971, 1972, 1974; see Mahan [1971]) as Paleo-Hebrew letters of the period circa A.D. 100; McCulloch (1988) suggests the first century A.D. which was consequently identified by Stieglitz as a qoph. Smithsonian Institution, Bureau of American Ethnology, Bulletin No. Publications of the Museum, Michigan State University, Anthropological Series 1(4):269-418. The stone was located beneath the skeletal head of one of the nine skeletons in the undisturbed mound. Thomas's original Cherokee interpretation, This belief was influential and "adopted by many Americans in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries". American Antiquity 46(2):244-271. online theory of the Bat Creek inscription. The University of Iowa, Iowa City. Webb, W.S. [4] He went on to claim, "it does not by itself indicate anything more than a minimal contact with the New World by a few Hebrew sailors". Since, as discussed below, no contemporary Cherokee authorities seem to have regarded the inscription as genuine, McCulloch's conclusion does not represent a significant new interpretation. [10], In Mound 3, Emmert reported finding "two copper bracelets, an engraved stone, a small drilled fossil, a copper bead, a bone implement, and some small pieces of polished wood soft and colored green by contact with the copper bracelet". The lone letter below the main line is problematic, but could In: Smithsonian Institution, Bureau of American Ethnology, Bulletin No. The Bat Creek Stone Inscription#1293cMartin G. CollinsGiven 31-Oct-15; 12 minutes. Carter, George 134902, Department of Anthropology, Smithsonian Institution). [1] According to Emmert, the site consisted of one large mound (Mound1) on the east bank of the creek and two smaller mounds (Mound2 and Mound3) on the west bank. [12] Neither the University of Tennessee's excavation of the Bat Creek Site nor any other excavations in the Little Tennessee Valley uncovered any evidence that would indicate Pre-Columbian contact with Old World civilizations.[13]. Fowke did not make this statement out of ignorance of the Bat Creek stone's existence, because not only had he extensively studied the lithic material recovered by the mound survey (Fowke 1896), but also mentioned the stone in one of his own publications (1902). ABSTRACT McCulloch, J. Huston, "The Bat Creek Inscription -- Cherokee or Hebrew?," 3 (part Forgeries related to Mormonism - FAIR In our discussion below, we refer to these signs as i through viii, from left to right; sign viii is located just below the main body of the inscription. upon to mark a path from old highway 72 to the "The Translation," Dr. Arnold Murray, Shepherd's Chapel - Facebook Crown Publishers, Inc., New York. 137.Washington. A Coelbren alphabet is provided online by A Review of Arnold Murray's Translation of the Bat Creek Stone - A.D. 1500: The Historical Testimony of Pre-Columbian Artists. [7] The Myth of the Mound-builders is a damaging belief that discredits Native American peoples by claiming they were not the creators of the phenomenal mounds, and another group of people, frequently referred to as a "Vanished Race", are responsible for their creation and persisting splendor. at the approximate site of the mound Finally, if we focus exclusively on signs i through v, and accept Gordon's values, the text does not make sense as Paleo-Hebrew. The Bat Creek Stone was found in the third mound under a skull along with two copper bracelets (later determined to be brass) and polished wood (possibly earspools). Published by the author, Columbus, Georgia. vi: We agree with the assessment by Gordon (Mahan 1971:43) that this sign is "not in the Canaanite system." [5], The Bat Creek Stone remains the property of the Smithsonian Institution, and is catalogued in the collections of the Department of Anthropology, National Museum of Natural History, NMNH catalog number 8013771 and original US National Museum number A134902-0. Similarly, the age differential class between the wood and the burial (or the stone itself) is not precisely known. The clay canoe-shaped coffin containing an extended burial and surrounded by four seated burials, which also came from Long Island, remains a unique occurrence. Revised and enlarged edition. 1964 The Mine Dark Sea. reply by JHM BAR Nov./Dec. although a few of the letters could be taken for New York Graphic Society, Greenwich. those by Robt. [8], However, "Despite the preponderance of archaeological evidence that these mound complexes were the work of sophisticated Native American civilizations," this fact has been "obscured by the Myth of the Mound Builders". with details of their analysis, which I have not yet had time to critique. Robert Stieglitz (1976) confirmed Gordon's reading of the The Bat Creek inscription is an inscribed stone tablet found by John W. Emmert on February 14, 1889.
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