For several decades, the Vikings confined themselves to hit-and-run raids against coastal targets in the British Isles (particularly Ireland) and Europe (the trading center of Dorestad, 80 kilometers from the North Sea, became a frequent target after 830). The terms of the treaty provoked widespread opposition in Norway. The Swedish Ynglings might have been invented to glorify the Norwegian kings further, giving them a glorious and mythical past associated with Uppsala. After Knuts death, his two sons succeeded him, but both were dead by 1042 and Edward the Confessor, son of the previous (non-Danish) king, returned from exile and regained the English throne from the Danes. Norway declared its independence, adopted a liberal constitution, and elected Prince Christian Frederik as king. When King Charles the Bald began defending West Frankia more energetically in 862, fortifying towns, abbeys, rivers and coastal areas, Viking forces began to concentrate more on England than Frankia. Vikings gained control of the Northern Isles of Scotland (Shetland and the Orkneys), the Hebrides and much of mainland Scotland. The Kirk Douglas . Together with Finland and Iceland, almost a third of the population left in the eighty years after 1850. Though a majority of the kings from Olof Sktkonung onwards appear in the Icelandic sources with the same name and overall chronology, the Icelandic sources also contain the figure Blot-Sweyn, who is only present in some of the Swedish sources (and notably absent in Vstgtalagen, an important early Swedish legal document) and a king by the name Kol or Erik rsll, completely absent in the Swedish sources. He later recalled him after Gustavus Adolphus attacked the empire and prevailed in a number of significant battles. Some valleys close to the watershed were indeed ice-free around 30 000 years B.P. Famous Scandinavian Kings: A Guide to Scandi Royalty Rollo, or Rolf, was a Viking who became the first ruler of Normandy in Northern France. Bronze continued to be used for torques and kettles, the style of which were a continuity from the Bronze Age. This made it a primary target, with Denmark a secondary goal mainly needed for facilitating the Norwegian invasion. As a result of the war, Russia supplanted Sweden as the dominant power on the Baltic Sea and became a major player in European politics. Little evidence remains in Scandinavia of the Stone Age, the Bronze Age, or the Iron Age except limited numbers of tools created from stone, bronze, and iron, some jewelry and ornaments, and stone burial cairns. The Kongemose culture was dominant in this time period. A brief Swedish civil war ensued in 1066 primarily reflecting the divisions between practitioners of indigenous religions and advocates of Christianity; by the mid-twelfth century, the Christian faction appeared to have triumphed; the once resistant center of Uppsala became the seat of the Swedish Archbishop in 1164. However, his sudden death in 1810 forced the Swedes to look for another candidate, and once more they chose an enemy officer. Sweden decided to join the alliance against France in 1813 and was promised Norway as a reward. The Swedish rise to power began under the rule of Charles IX. Armistice negotiations concluded on 14 August 1814. Norway was treated much more harshly throughout their occupation. Before and during this age, the Norsemen significantly intermixed with the Slavs. The arrowhead made of iron was revealed with its cracked wooden shaft and a feather, is 17cm long and weighs just 28 grams. Though only a few examples survive, medieval Swedish lists of kings overwhelmingly begin with Olof Sktkonung, the first Christian king of Sweden, suggesting that he, and not any of the previous legendary figures, was seen as Sweden's first king. [7], The sequence of legendary kings below derives from medieval Icelandic poet and historian Snorri Sturluson's Ynglinga saga, the first section of the saga collection Heimskringla. Finland remained as a part of Russian Empire until 1917 at which point it became independent. Some objects appeared for the first time, such as shears and pawns. No more Danish attempts would be made to re-create the Kalmar Union following this war. Britain believed Germany was planning to invade and made counter plans for its own invasion. Near the end of the 6th millennium BC, the Kongemose culture was replaced by the Erteblle culture in the south. They sought to avoid civilian casualties and receive favourable treatment from Germany. It is possible that the saga preserves a grain of the truth, perhaps being an embellishment of vague memories of an ancient warrior king, but most of what is said of Ivar Vidfamne has to be considered legendary and fictional. The vast majority of emigrants left from the countryside in search of better farming and economic opportunities. Famous Scandinavian Kings from Sweden Viking | History, Exploration, Facts, & Maps | Britannica Norway however, refused to give in and fought valiantly and with the full strength of her limited and badly prepared forces. Gustav Vasa is the first King in Swedish history of whose life we have a clear view. The inglorious deaths of many of the Swedish Ynglings; with examples such as murder, burning to death, drowning in mead and being "hag-ridden" to death,[15] might be an attempt by Sturluson to say that the kings who ruled Norway in his time and claimed Yngling descent were not to be taken seriously. The three Scandinavian countries would, if they had entered into an alliance, have remained separate sovereign countries but acted as a single bloc in foreign policy and security issues. Ingrid Henriksen and Niels Krgrd. Christian IV invaded at the head of a mercenary army of 20,000 men, but the Danish forces were severely beaten, and Christian IV had to sign an ignominious defeat, the first in a series of military setbacks to weaken his kingdom. The Story of Harald Fairhair, First King of Norway Several other wars with Poland, Denmark-Norway, and German countries enabled further Swedish expansion, although there were some setbacks such as the Kalmar War. Through the 5th century and 6th century, gold and silver became more common. Denmark and Norway were also unlike in their cooperation with Germany's genocidal policy. Royal Hotel, Denmark. Gunhild of Wenden 4. While there had been a handful of silent films and some smaller movies, the first Viking film with real cultural impact is Richard Fleischer's aptly named The Vikings in 1958. Both East India Companies folded over the course of the Napoleonic Wars. Gustavus Adolphus, like Christian IV before him, came to aid the German Lutherans to forestall Catholic aggression against their homeland and to obtain economic influence in the German states around the Baltic Sea. Crawley, ed. Christianity in Scandinavia came later than most parts of Europe. The Nordic Bronze Age ended with a deteriorating, colder and wetter climate. Updated: June 7, 2019 | Original: November 4, 2009. The Finnish War was fought between Sweden and Russia from February 1808 to September 1809. [5][6][7], Since prehistoric times,[8][9] the Sami people of Arctic Europe have lived and worked in an area that stretches over the northern parts of the regions now known as Norway, Sweden, Finland, and the Russian Kola Peninsula. The Thirty Years' War was a conflict fought between the years 1618 and 1648, principally in the Central European territory of the Holy Roman Empire but also involving most of the major continental powers. The Kalmar Union (Danish/Norwegian/Swedish: Kalmarunionen) was a series of personal unions (13971520) that united the three kingdoms of Denmark, Norway and Sweden under a single monarch. This region of northern France is now known as Normandy, or land of the Northmen.. BBC - History - Overview: The Vikings, 800 to 1066 The construction of a railway connecting southern Sweden and the northern mines was of primary importance. [16] Though descent from figures such as Odin and Njord, gods in Norse mythology, might seem a prestigious origin, it would be problematic in early medieval Norway since the kings were Christian and their ancestors were worshipped as Pagan gods. Approximately 200 burial sites have been investigated in the region from this period of 3,000 years.[2]. This page was last edited on 26 April 2023, at 00:01. The Norwegian vice-roy and heir to the throne of Denmark-Norway, Christian Frederik took the lead in a national uprising, assumed the title of regent, and convened a constitutional assembly at Eidsvoll. Denmark's strategy proved the more beneficial in the short run. [17] A grave of a warrior-woman dating to the 10th century in Denmark was long thought to belong to a Viking. Scandinavian Kingdoms | Encyclopedia.com [4] According to the Ynglinga saga, the earliest rulers used the title drotin (modern Swedish: Drott). Cnut the Great, King of Denmark, England and Norway, was the son of a daughter of Mieszko I of Poland,[20] possibly the former Polish queen of Sweden, wife of Eric. In 1016, Cnut became king of England, and after further campaigns in Scandinavia he could claim in 1027 to be 'king of the whole of England and Denmark and Norway and of parts of Sweden'.. By the late 10th century, some Vikings (including the famous Erik the Red) moved even further westward, to Greenland. These seafaring warriors-known collectively as Vikings or Norsemen. The first mention of a King of Norway - as a unified entity - is found upon the Jelling Stones, which were carved runestones from the 10th century in Denmark. Swedish Vikings: A Guide To Viking Age Swedes & Their Journeys In A.D. 793, an attack on the Lindisfarne monastery off the coast of Northumberland in northeastern England marked the beginning of the Viking Age. The first "king of Norway" in that sense was Hkon Aalsteinsfostri ("Hakon the Foster-son of Athalstein"), who ruled from about 935 to 960. After a 1972 referendum, Denmark became the first Scandinavian member of the European Economic Community, which later paved the way for the EU, in 1973. The missionary Ansgar travelled to Sweden several times during the 9th century in an attempt to Christianize the Swedes. All three countries developed social welfare states in the early to mid-20th century. As an administrator, Christian IV had done remarkably well, obtaining for his kingdom a level of stability and wealth that was virtually unmatched elsewhere in Europe, paid for by the resund toll and extensive war reparations from Sweden. [2], In medieval Swedish lists of kings, the figure generally represented as the first king of Sweden is Olof Sktkonung,[3] the first Christian king of Sweden and the first Swedish king to mint coins. Denmark was the most easily transformed, as the Viking raids slowly introduced the religion through the Christian wives and slaves brought back as war prizes. The main wave of Scandinavian emigration occurred in the 1860s lasting until the 1880s, although substantial emigration continued until the 1930s. [4] The Ynglings are described in the Ynglinga saga as the first royal blood line of the Swedes. There are also numerous artifacts of bronze and gold. Arctic Council Indigenous Peoples' Secretariat, "Keep your head high: skulls on stakes and cranial trauma in Mesolithic Sweden", "Climate change reveals, and threatens, thawing relics", "Photo Friday: Norwegian Glacial Ice Preserves Ancient Viking Artifacts", "1,500-Year-Old Viking Arrowhead Found After Glacier Melts in Norway", "Siida and traditional Sami reindeer herding knowledge", "IPS Arctic Council Indigenous Peoples' Secretariat", "Viking Woman Warrior May Have Been Slavic", "Considering the connections between Scandinavia and the southern Baltic coast in the 10th 11th Centuries", "Canute (I) king of England, Denmark, and Norway", "Thorgeir Ljosvetningagodi Conversion to Christianity", Scandinavian Roots American Lives The Story of the Great Emigration, Ancient Scandinavia: An Archaeological History from the First Humans to the Vikings, Guides and travel tips about: Scandinavia For Visitors, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_Scandinavia&oldid=1151742366. Scandinavian furs were highly prized in the new trading markets; from their trade with the Europeans, Scandinavians learned about new sailing technology as well as about the growing wealth and accompanying inner conflicts between European kingdoms. The Early History of Scandinavia - Origins, Vikings and More Sacrifice-Svein) ruled between 1084 and 1087. This made King Sweyn of Denmark angry. Who is the first King of Scandinavia? - Sage-Advices [14] The first king of the Swedes, Eric, was married to Gunhild, of the Polish House of Piast. ", Erik Thomson, "Beyond the Military State: Sweden's Great Power Period in Recent Historiography,". For example, Hygelac (500 A.D.) is believed to have historical basis due to his name being attested in Frankish, English, Danish and Icelandic sources. [9] The Yngling dynasty is sometimes referred to as the "Royal House of Uppsala" in later scholarship.[10]. The adoption of Christianity is believed to have aided in the absorption of Viking communities into the greater religious and cultural framework of the European continent. In scholarly circles today, there are two positions on Fairhair's . Scandinavia was divided during the Napoleonic Wars. In most sources Yngvi is presented as the same figure as Freyr, the son of Njrr. The northern hunter/gatherers followed the herds and the salmon runs, moving south during the winters, moving north again during the summers. 'saga kings / fairy tale kings') according to legends were rulers of Sweden and the Swedes who preceded Eric the Victorious and Olof Sktkonung, the earliest reliably attested Swedish kings. To the north, in Norway and most of southern Sweden, lived the Fosna-Hensbacka culture, who lived mostly along the edge of the forest. He arrived in Norway on 25 November 1905, taking the name Haakon VII. Battles were short and decisively won by the Swedes. Denmark remained primarily agricultural until well into the 20th century, but agricultural processes were modernized and processing of dairy and meats became more important than the export of raw agricultural products. The Nordic Bronze Age was characterized by a warm climate (which is compared to that of the Mediterranean), which permitted a relatively dense population, but it ended with a climate change consisting of deteriorating, wetter and colder climate (sometimes believed to have given rise to the legend of the Fimbulwinter) and it seems very likely that the climate pushed the Germanic tribes southwards into continental Europe. During the fall of the Roman empire, there was an abundance of gold that flowed into Scandinavia, and there are excellent works in gold from this period. Clerc, Louis; Glover, Nikolas; Jordan, Paul, eds. Meta. Russia invaded Finland in 1808 and forced Sweden to cede that province at the peace of Fredrikshamn in 1809. Historia de omnibus Gothorum Sueonumque regibus, http://blog.svd.se/historia/2011/10/13/varfor-jag-inte-tror-pa-sagokungar/, "Concerning Mass Graves: the Use, Development and Identities Within Mass Graves During the Scandinavian Iron Age and Middle Ages", "Kungalngder och historieskrivning: Fornsvenska och fornislndska kllor om Sveriges historia", "De ldsta sveakungarna enligt Ynglingasagan", "Kings and Queens of Sweden A thousand year succession", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_legendary_kings_of_Sweden&oldid=1135221997, This page was last edited on 23 January 2023, at 10:58. Odin, also called Wodan, Woden, or Wotan, one of the principal gods in Norse mythology. Norway and Denmark subsequently became signatory parties of the North Atlantic Treaty and members of NATO. North of the Kongemose people lived other hunter-gatherers in most of southern Norway and Sweden called the Nstvet and Lihult cultures, descendants of the Fosna and Hensbacka cultures. Both parliaments revoked the Act of Union 16 October, and the deposed king Oscar II of Sweden renounced his claim to the Norwegian throne and recognized Norway as an independent kingdom on 26 October. [1] The figure for Norway represents almost 80% of the national population in 1800. The Vikings' rule would eventually come to encompass the majority of Scandinavia, and they would participate in massive amounts of trading and exploration, which helped build connective routes around the world.Denmark, and the rest of Scandinavia, was Christianized by the 11th century, though missionaries were present long before that. Rise to power. 2023, A&E Television Networks, LLC. [7] It mentions the following four kings: In terms of sources on Viking Age kings, Adam of Bremen, who worked in the 11th century and wrote of Swedish kings, is significantly closer in time and place to the kings he describe than the centuries of separation in the sagas, only being separated from the mentioned rulers by at most about 150100 years. Many Scandinavians emigrated to Canada, the United States, Australia, Africa, and New Zealand during the later nineteenth century. The Swedish army was superior in numbers, was better equipped and trained, and was led by one of Napoleon's foremost generals, the newly elected Swedish crown prince, Jean Baptiste Bernadotte. The oldest objects were needles, but swords and sickles are found as well. In the peace negotiations, Christian Frederik agreed to relinquish claims to the Norwegian crown and return to Denmark if Sweden would accept the democratic Norwegian constitution and a loose personal union. Vikings founded Kievan Rus in the mid-9th century, but Scandanavian settlements in Eastern Europe actually date back to at least A.D. 750. The inept government of King Gustav IV Adolf led to his deposition and banishment. [5], In addition to having been written centuries after the events they describe, the sagas have numerous other problems which make them unsuitable to use as sources. The Slavic and Viking cultures influenced each other: Slavic and Viking tribes were "closely linked, fighting one another, intermixing and trading". In some places, names appear (notably kings Ottar and Adils) that might belong to people also attested in other sagas, such as Beowulf (written in the 10th11th century in England, but concerning events in Scandinavia in the 6th/7th century), wherein the Ynglings are called Scylfings (Old Norse: Skilfingar; Swedish: Skilvingar). Labor unions could only exist if they accepted Nazi control. BBC - History - Ancient History in depth: Viking Religion
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