[185], John Paul II promulgated the apostolic constitution Pastor bonus on 28 June 1988. [37][38], From October 1962, Wojtya took part in the Second Vatican Council (19621965),[37][68] where he made contributions to two of its most historic and influential products, the Decree on Religious Freedom (in Latin, Dignitatis humanae) and the Pastoral Constitution on the Church in the Modern World (Gaudium et spes). [117] In 2000, he was the first modern pope to visit Egypt,[118] where he met with the Coptic pope, Pope ShenoudaIII[118] and the Greek Orthodox Patriarch of Alexandria. After circling the square, the Holy Father headed toward his pontifical chair in an open popemobile. [400][401] The pope created an uproar in the Indian subcontinent when he suggested that a great harvest of faith would be witnessed on the subcontinent in the third Christian millennium. He translated Scheler's Formalism and the Ethics of Substantive Values. HarperCollins. [283] International observers had suspected this for some time, but it was only publicly acknowledged by the Vatican in 2003. Nobody knew how to get rid of Communism. [39][41], Wojtya was baptized a month after his birth, made his First Communion at the age of 9, and was confirmed at the age of 18. "[196], John Paul II spoke in French and occasionally in Creole, and in the homily outlined the basic human rights that most Haitians lacked: "the opportunity to eat enough, to be cared for when ill, to find housing, to study, to overcome illiteracy, to find worthwhile and properly paid work; all that provides a truly human life for men and women, for young and old." print and digital media outlets, dedicated to reporting the truth in light of the Gospel and the Sign up for 6 Free IssuesTry us out with a free trial subscription. And so they came to him by the millions. [69] Wojtya earned a licence in July 1947, passed his doctoral exam on 14 June 1948, and successfully defended his doctoral thesis titled Doctrina de fide apud S. Ioannem a Cruce (The Doctrine of Faith in St. John of the Cross) in philosophy on 19 June 1948. Total attendance at these signature events of the pontificate was in the tens of millions. The encyclical, Ad caeli reginam, [192] While in Chile, John Paul II made gestures of public support of Chile's anti-Pinochet democratic opposition. [394], The World Day of Prayer for Peace,[395] with a meeting in Assisi, Italy, in 1986, in which the pope prayed only with the Christians,[396] was criticised for giving the impression that syncretism and indifferentism were openly embraced by the Papal Magisterium. [105] John Paul II was rushed into the Vatican complex and then to the Gemelli Hospital. He said: "What is happening in your countries is a terrible tragedy that must end. For many years, John Paul II sought to facilitate dialogue and unity stating as early as 1988 in Euntes in mundum, "Europe has two lungs, it will never breathe easily until it uses both of them. The Requiem Mass held on 8 April 2005 was said to have set world records both for attendance and number of heads of state present at a funeral. During his visit to Zimbabwe, John Paul II called for economic sanctions against South Africa's government. The Dutch journalist Ekke Overbeek released a book on John Paul II with similar claims the following week. On April 2, 1980, Andy Warhol met Pope John Paul II in St. Peters Square. John Paul was in the first bloom of his pontificate, and his image as a young, strong, independent-minded world citizen had been burnished by a visit to New York the previous fall. Warhol was hoping to cap a series of silk-screen celebrity portraits with the Polish pontiff. As the Pope edged closer toward a similar fate in the square, the Turkish national lifted his pistol above those between him and the man in the white robe. [349][350][351], The second miracle was deemed to have taken place shortly after the late pope's beatification on 1 May 2011; it was reported to be the healing of Costa Rican woman Floribeth Mora of an otherwise terminal brain aneurysm. Vatican City: Libreria Editrice Vaticana, 95. John Paul II was widely criticised for a variety of his views. In 1990, during the civil war between Tutsis and Hutus in the mostly Catholic country of Rwanda, John Paul II called for a ceasefire and condemned the persecution of the Tutsis. I was afraid to accept that responsibility, yet I do so in a spirit of obedience to the Lord and total faithfulness to Mary, our most Holy Mother. I appreciate their concern about maintaining the cultural and religious identity of our nation. [201][202] John Paul II has been credited with being instrumental in bringing down Communism in Central and Eastern Europe,[92][105][109][126][127][203] by being the spiritual inspiration behind its downfall and catalyst for "a peaceful revolution" in Poland. He was the first pope ever to visit several countries in one year, starting in 1979 with Mexico[113] and Ireland. [68] Wojtya and the Polish bishops contributed a draft text to the Council for Gaudium et spes. [citation needed], John PaulII had good relations with the Church of England, as also with other parts of the Anglican Communion. HarperCollins. [citation needed], There was strong criticism of the pope for the controversy surrounding the alleged use of charitable social programmes as a means of converting people in the Third World to Catholicism. Instead, the Pope simply led the Polish people to desert their rulers by affirming solidarity with one another. [189] According to George Weigel and Cardinal Stanisaw Dziwisz, he encouraged Pinochet to accept a democratic opening of the regime, and may even have called for his resignation. [350][351] The next stage was for Cardinals who compose the membership of the Congregation for the Causes of Saints to give their opinion to Pope Francis to decide whether to sign and promulgate the decree and set a date for canonisation. It was split between two strong candidates for the papacy: Cardinal Giuseppe Siri, the conservative Archbishop of Genoa, and the liberal Archbishop of Florence, Cardinal Giovanni Benelli, a close friend of John Paul I.[100]. On July 18, 1981, the then-prefect for the congregation, Cardinal Franjo eper, grabbed two envelopes a white one containing Sister Lcias original Portuguese text and an orange one with an Italian translation. Section D of Suba Bezpieczestwa (SB), the security service, had an action named "Triangolo" to carry out criminal operations against the Catholic Church; the operation encompassed all Polish hostile actions against the pope. [338][339] The second vote and the second signed decree certifying the authenticity of the first miracle, the curing of Sister Marie Simon-Pierre, a French nun, from Parkinson's disease. At first, they did not understand and could not believe what had happened. [217], The pope had said throughout his pontificate that one of his greatest dreams was to visit Russia,[219] but this never occurred. He squeezed the trigger four times. A few moments later, the deafening sound of a gunshot was heard, and then another. He was a Pole, but beyond the regime's reach. [49] In that same year he had two major accidents, suffering a fractured skull after being struck by a tram and sustaining injuries which left him with one shoulder higher than the other and a permanent stoop after being hit by a lorry in a quarry. A Mother's Hand Guided the Bullets: John Paul II, Forgiving a And John Paul II was convinced that the protective hand of the Blessed Mother had intervened again. from the crowds gathered during the funeral Mass that he celebrated,[318][319][320][321] Benedict XVI began the beatification process for his predecessor, bypassing the normal restriction that five years must pass after a person's death before beginning the beatification process. Pope How could they do it? he told a nurse before losing consciousness. He praised Mohandas Gandhi for his "unshakeable faith in God", assured the Jains that the Catholic Church will continue to engage in dialogue with their religion and spoke of the common need to aid the poor. Who he meant with the plural they was not specified. [131][132][133][134], As pope, John Paul II wrote 14 papal encyclicals and taught about sexuality in what is referred as the "Theology of the Body". [38][68][99], The second conclave of 1978 started on 14 October, ten days after the funeral. He began with an enormous advantage, and exploited it to the utmost: He headed the one institution that stood for the polar opposite of the Communist way of life that the Polish people hated. Reflecting on the two dates May 13, 1981, and May 13, 1917 he thought to himself: Two thirteenths of May!, He started reflecting on what was, to say the least, an extraordinary coincidence, said Father Dziwisz. [270], In 2009 John Koehler, a journalist and former army intelligence officer, published Spies in the Vatican: The Soviet Union's Cold War Against the Catholic Church. Scholars of canon law say that there is no official process for declaring a pope "Great"; the title simply establishes itself through popular and continued usage,[278][307][308] as was the case with celebrated secular leaders (for example, Alexander III of Macedon became popularly known as Alexander the Great). As the Holy Father made his pleas to heaven, all hell broke loose among the conspirators. Cardinal Wojtya was elected pope on the third day of the second papal conclave of 1978, which was called after John Paul I, who had been elected in the first papal conclave of 1978 earlier in August to succeed Pope Paul VI, died after 33 days. [160][161], In 1984 and 1986, through Cardinal Ratzinger (future Pope Benedict XVI) as Prefect of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith, John Paul II officially condemned aspects of Liberation theology, which had many followers in Latin America. The Royal Philharmonic Orchestra, actor Richard Dreyfuss and cellist Lynn Harrell performed on this occasion under Levine's direction. Gorbachev once said: "The collapse of the Iron Curtain would have been impossible without John Paul II. Newsweek (19 November 1979): 144,147. Tucci says that the pontiff was "furious".[195]. The Great Jubilee of the year 2000 included a day of Prayer for Forgiveness of the Sins of the Church on 12 March 2000. He was lowered into a tomb created in the same alcove previously occupied by the remains of John XXIII. He arrived at Niegowi at harvest time, where his first action was to kneel and kiss the ground. In 2002, Archbishop Juliusz Paetz, the Catholic Archbishop of Pozna, was accused of molesting seminarians. "[407][408] He held up a red banner reading "Pope John Paul II ANTICHRIST". Tens of thousands of people assembled and held vigil in St. Peter's Square and the surrounding streets for two days. Christodoulos read a list of "13 offences" of the Catholic Church against the Eastern Orthodox Church since the Great Schism,[217] including the pillaging of Constantinople by crusaders in 1204, and bemoaned the lack of apology from the Catholic Church, saying "Until now, there has not been heard a single request for pardon" for the "maniacal crusaders of the 13th century". [382] Furthermore, other journalists have criticised the report, especially the interpretation of the sources. [258] Surgeons performed a colostomy, temporarily rerouting the upper part of the large intestine to let the damaged lower part heal. [95][87], During 19741975, Wojtya served Pope Paul VI as consultor to the Pontifical Council for the Laity, as recording secretary for the 1974 synod on evangelism and by participating extensively in the original drafting of the 1975 apostolic exhortation, Evangelii nuntiandi. [142] In addition, John Paul II chose not to end the discipline of mandatory priestly celibacy, although in a small number of unusual circumstances, he did allow certain married clergymen of other Christian traditions who later became Catholic to be ordained as Catholic priests. [92] According to Wasa, "Before his pontificate, the world was divided into blocs. Pope John Paul II - Wikipedia He was extremely healthy and active, jogging in the Vatican gardens, weight training, swimming, and hiking in the mountains. [338][339] On 19 December 2009, Pope Benedict XVI signed the first of two decrees needed for beatification and proclaimed John Paul II "Venerable", asserting that he had lived a heroic, virtuous life. Forty years ago, on May 13, 1981, Pope John Paul II stepped into his vehicle to ride through St. Peters Square and greet an ecstatic crowd. Did Pope John Paul II Have a Secret Lover? [50] His father, a former Austro-Hungarian non-commissioned officer and later officer in the Polish Army, died of a heart attack in 1941,[51] leaving Wojtya as the immediate family's only surviving member. I spoke to him as a brother whom I have pardoned and who has my complete trust. On May 13, 1981: A young Turk, Mehmet Al Agca, shot the pope in the abdomen and hand while he circles St. Peters Square. According to an article on the Catholic News Service (CNS) dated 23 April 2013, a Vatican commission of doctors concluded that a healing had no natural (medical) explanation, which is the first requirement for a claimed miracle to be officially documented. Blessed John Paul died at the age of 84 at the Vatican April 2, 2005, the vigil of Divine Mercy Sunday. It was amazing that, despite the emotion of the moment, Vatican Radio reporter, Benedetto Nardacci, was able to report live with unbroken clarity during the weekly General Audience that Wednesday when forced to report an event he never would have chosen to recount. He spent two weeks there recovering from a severe concussion and a shoulder injury. "[380][381], On March 6, 2023, an investigative report by the Polish television station TVN24 concluded that "there [is now] no doubt" that John Paul II "knew about sexual abuse of children by priests under his authority and sought to conceal it when he was an archbishop in his native Poland". [363][366] In 2008, the church asserted that the scandal was a very serious problem and estimated that it was "probably caused by 'no more than 1 per cent'", or 5,000, of the over 500,000 Catholic priests worldwide.[367][368].
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