Gravel, logs, and other important food and habitat features can become trapped. Buck Meadows is also a great place to spend the night. Hetch Hetchy valley was a spectacular valley highly populated with naturalists. For Pinchot, a close friend and adviser to the president, this was an obvious choice. APUSH Chapter 22 Flashcards | Quizlet What sparked the settlement house movement? And, as you might imagine, it produces some of the cleanest municipal water in the United States. Why did voter turnout decline in the early twentieth century? In 1896, the National Academy of Sciences created a National Forest Commission, tasked with researching and reporting policy recommendations for the administration of Americas forests. The two have come to embody the conflicting philosophies at the heart of the American public land system: preservation vs. conservation. o Strongest in urban immigrant communities and Protestant farmers in the South and Midwest The privately owned Spring Valley Water Company had required its customers to pay exorbitant rates for years. Youll just need to see them for yourself. The first people, outside of Native Americans, to see the Hetch Hetchy Valley were Joseph, Nate and William Screechin 1850. Explain the success of the child-labor laws supported by Wilson. He would sign what is known as the 1897 Organic Act into law. First major political debate over environment. Robert W. Righter. The Battle Over Hetch Hetchy: America's Most For most of the year the waterfall offers a refreshing shower or cooling mist along with an amazing view. Initiative: Including additions made between 1934 and 1938, the dam currently stands 430 feet (131 m) above the bedrock below. Enjoy elegant touches like wrap-around porches, and fresh-baked cookies served daily. How did the following contribute to the reform effort? As a consequence, visitors came to experience it for themselves. government should improve and stabilize society. But during peak spring flow, the thundering waterfall can wash over the bridge making it dangerous to cross. be the Republican candidate. California needed secure, reliable access to drinking water for their burgeoning populations. No picture of the giant sequoia trees in Yosemite National Park manages to fully capture their immense size and majesty. Teams completed the OShaughnessy Dam in 1923 and the reservoir filled for the first time in May of that year. In the mountainous West, land set aside for homesteading sat unclaimed, too distant and treacherous for prospective farmers, and entirely unprotected by the government. Democrat Woodrow Wilson's political slogan in the presidential campaign of 1912; Wilson wanted to improve the banking system, lower tariffs, and, by breaking up monopolies, give small businesses freedom to compete. The grassroots organization of environmental activism, established by John Muir and his supporters, became a model for future environmentalists. o Opponents called them the "Wobblies". Do you feel that this is still the thinking of our current society? Materials: 14 Document Facsimiles Explain. Hetch Hetchy: Congress and the Environment | National Archives The bustling metropolis of Los Angeles could not have become the city it did without the water which flowed from the Owens Valley hundreds of miles away. Donald Hodel, then Secretary of the Interior, suggested that the time might be ripe to remove the O . special experiences and special sensitivities. Subject. o Primary Election: an attempt to take the selection of candidates away from the bosses and give social gospel. And in a larger sense, the waters of California served as the converting agents. Utilizing its superior resources, the city produced a detailed report which made a compelling case that, far from damaging the beauty of Yosemite, the dam would actually enhance it. His path roughly follows the John Muir Highway State Highway 132 that runs from Highway 49 in Coulterville up through Greeley Hill before connecting back into Highway 120 before Buck Meadows and the turn-off to Hetch Hetchy. How much NorCal reservoirs shot up a week after big storm - SFGATE Your email address will not be published. According to a local legend, Nate spotted a valley to the east that was too far to visit. In the sum of American economic expansion the intrusion might have seemed a minor, obscure matter, but to [John] Muir immense issues were involved: why had the nation preserved that pure wildness in the first place? It pitted a powerful city against a dedicated group of conservationists. o Settlement houses Report scam, HUMANITIES, Winter 2020, Volume 41, Number 1, The National Endowment for the Humanities, State and Jurisdictional Humanities Councils, HUMANITIES: The Magazine of the National Endowment for the Humanities, SUBSCRIBE FOR HUMANITIES MAGAZINE PRINT EDITION, Sign up for HUMANITIES Magazine newsletter, The Founder of the Appalachian Trail Imagined Something Even Grander, Chronicling America: History American Newspapers. The evidence was During the opening months of his administration, Taft called Congress into special session to lower protective rates. It pitted Gifford Pinchot, America's first forester, against John Muir, America's legendary conservationist. But how did the dam get to be here? What was the goal of the American Medical Association? Why did some progressives oppose business? As it debated this legislation, Congress negotiated the fate of a federally protected valley located in Yosemite National Park-asking should the dam be built or the valley preserved? o Commander of the Rough Riders At a series of book talks, supported by Humanities Montana, Clayton has found that these conflicts still resonate deeply with audiences. The larger issues at stake would frame environmental debates for years to come. To help the poor, there must be an improvement in the conditions. Hetch Hetchy Valley: The federal government allowed the city of San Francisco to build a dam here in 1913. There is plenty to see and do right here, from kayaking on the water to climbing the magnificent domes above. How did she influence the settlement house movement? Located at 3,900 feet, it boasts one of the longest hiking seasons in the park. Theodore Roosevelt led the fight in favor of building a dam at Hetch Hetchy. Its chief concern was redeeming the nation's cities. Furthermore, they provided a place for the wild plants and creatures to live out their own lives, according to their purposes. It became a powerful movement within American Protestantism. Muckraking magazinesnotably McClure's of the publisher S. S. McCluretook on corporate monopolies and political machines, while trying to raise public awareness and anger at urban poverty, unsafe working conditions, prostitution, and child labor. o Banning campaign contributions by corporations This fight set the stage for future battles between those who believed natural resources were to be used for the greatest good versus those who believed natural resources were to be preserved for the greatest enjoyment. Although the Hetch Hetchy was a place of great beauty, Pinchot's personal priorities lay in providing resources to a growing citizenry. directly to the voters in general elections. Hetch Hetchy valley was a spectacular valley highly populated with naturalists. There have been lawsuits over whether San Francisco violated the agreements of the Raker Act. What should be the fate of prairies, wetlands, or coastal marshes? o Declining family size They needed to find a way to increase the power of the electorate and decrease the power of the bosscontrolled legislatures. John Muir once described Hetch Hetchy Valley as, a grand landscape garden, one of Natures rarest and most precious mountain temples.. People sort of tend to lean one way or another. What impact did Roosevelt have on American conservation? Other forms of change: Utopian vision of a Harvard forestry grad, Scam Advisory: Recent reports indicate that individuals are posing as the NEH on email and social media. More Than Just Parks | National Parks Guides. He supported the Keating-Owen Act, which was the first federal law regulating child labor. RELATED: A Woman Started The Environmental Movement (Can It Continue?). This 1910 view shows Kolana Rock and Tueeulala Falls in the background. . Garfield was responding to critics who believed that the federal governments primary responsibility was to use the nations public resources for development in the service for the greatest number of people. APUSH 17-20, 75-87 Flashcards | Quizlet Were they successful? Had it been, the Sierra Clubs members would have presented a united front in opposition to its development. At the time, neither side understood the long-range consequences of human actions to manage the environment. Du Bois: had never known slavery. According to the philosophy of pragmatism, society should be guided by. In national parks, preservation reigns king, the natural world kept, as best it can be, in its natural state. Why did Roosevelt push for the passage of the Meat Inspection Act? A few became physicians, lawyers, engineers, scientists, and corporate managers. Building the Hetch Hetchy dam in such a remote location was an enormous project. o Moved mayoral elections to years when no presidential or congressional races were being held. Men and municipalities who wish something for nothing will encroach upon them, if permitted. Level. You can expect one (short) email per week. The battle went on for over a decade over whether or not to have a dam. 1910 congressional elections brought progressive incumbents back to office (conservative Republicans The Panic of 1907 was a relatively serious economic downturn in the United States caused by a New York credit crunch that spread across the nation and led to the closings of banks and businesses. Total Cards. o Nursing. First, the beauty of the valley which they felt should not be sacrificed to build a dam. No spam. As well dam for water-tanks the peoples cathedrals and churches, for no holier temple has ever been consecrated by the heart of man.. This set the groundwork for the creation of the U.S. Forest Service in 1905, which Pinchot would head. Founded in 1903 by Jane Addams, Mary Anderson and other trade unionists, the Women's Trade Union League (WTUL) devoted itself to securing better occupational conditions for women and encouraging women to join the labor movement. By 1908, a different Interior Secretary, James R. Garfield, sided with the utilitarian conservationists and issued a permit for the Hetch Hetchy project. You might as well deface the world's great cathedrals, he said, "for no holier temple has ever been consecrated by the heart of man." The issue was decided in December 1913, when Woodrow Wilson signed the Raker Bill into law, authorizing the dam's construction. The Battle Over Hetch Hetchy: America's Most Controversial Dam and the of terror in the first years of the twentieth century. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); This is interesting from an ideological perspective. It also was an early battle of conservatives vs progressives. Crusading journalists who began to direct public attention toward social, economic, and political For all the similarities between Hetch Hetchy Valley and Yosemite Valley, there is one enormous difference the Hetch Hetchy reservoir. Some hydro-power dams withhold and then release water to generate power for peak demand periods, which is particularly disruptive to migrating fish. Recall: Initiative and Referendum Their distinct skills and conflicting views proved complementary, helping define the diversity of the American public lands system. Sign up for the email list and join an active community of monthly readers. End of the nineteenth century: The chief replied, There is no valley. He read the book written by Upton SinclairThe JungleRoosevelt pushed for passage of the Meat Inspection Act. Nevertheless, some women, the new middle-class did enter professional careers. Would there be any room in an acquisitive society for wildness, or for non material spiritual values?. Remember Hetch Hetchy: The Raker Act and the - National Park Service It is part of our More than Just Parks Environmental Heroes series. Tammany Hall (NY Political Machine) began to use their political power on behalf of legislation to improve working conditions, protect child laborers, and eliminate the worst abuses of the industrial o Some did not agree with a restriction on immigration: employers (immigrants = cheap labor), immigrants themselves, and their political representatives. The Hetch Hetchy Controversy, 1903-13 Additional Resources in the Library of Congress The Library of Congress's General Collections include many materials related to the Hetch Hetchy controversy: books, pamphlets, and government documents. Although Hetch Hetchy is included within the boundaries of Yosemite National Park, the entrance is separate from the rest of the park. Who became the most powerful symbol of the reform impulse at the national level? Frenemies John Muir and Gifford Pinchot The battle for the Hetch Hetchy Valleys future was not simply preservation versus conservation. Pinchot wrote that the men felt like guilty schoolboys the next morning, returning to their hotel to assure their travel companions they hadnt fallen into the chasm. Hetch Hetchy controversy Panic of 1907 William Howard Taft's presidency Children's Bureau New Nationalism election of 1912 The Progressive Party Woodrow Wilson's presidency New Freedom Federal Reserve act Keatings-Owen act "Big Stick" Diplomacy Open Door Policy Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine Platt amendment Panam Canal The Hetch Hetchy Controversy, 1903-13: Additional Resources in the It limited the ability of individuals to control their own destinies. Instead, the magnificence of a valley often described as Yosemite Valleys slightly smaller twin takes center stage. No BS! o Divorce rate grew. held a strong commitment to improved racial justice. o Populists proposed two important changes in the 1890s Once again, the political pendulum would swing. Triangle Shirtwaist Company fire Helped turn his state into what reformers across the nation called the "laboratory of progressivism". Were they successful? They were both initially carved by rivers flowing down the Sierras relatively gentle western slope. What is the Nineteenth Amendment? . It got its name from when TR exclaimed he felt "as strong as a bull moose". City Manager Plan: elected officials hired an outside expertoften a professionally trained business As of 2013, the water storage and hydroelectric power supplied by the Hetch Hetchy Project serviced an estimated 2.6 million people in the San Francisco Bay Area. What was the most important source of reform in the West? . In spite of Muirs eloquent and heated objections, the Raker Act was signed into law in December of 1913. Morgan organized a team of bank and trust executives. Muir fought in the pages of theAtlanticandHarpers Weekly. Fourth, dams alter water quality. Who was in charge and where did they gain their support? On the one hand, Hetch Hetchy Reservoir is an incontrovertible stain on the map of American environmentalism. o New scholarly theories argued that the immigrants were polluting the nation's racial stock. While Wilson was an advocate for reform there were some issues he wasn't ready to endorsewomen's suffrage and racial tension/segregation. Richard Ballinger was appointed his Interior Secretary. 44. Calculate the return on investment for 2,0002,0002,000 shares of a mutual fund purchased with an offer price of $15.83\$ 15.83$15.83 if the shares were sold with a NAV of $18.72\$ 18.72$18.72. Hetch Hetchy was a beautiful valley in Yosemite. What was the Socialist Party of America? 1920, suffragists won ratification of the Nineteenth Amendmentguaranteed political rights to women throughout the nation. As Clayton writes, the 1897 act and MuirsAtlanticandHarperspieces are as much a climax to the Muir-Pinchot story as Hetch Hetchy. William Howard Taft became president in 1909. For Chapter 29 only read and take notes on pages 679-685 Key Concept 7.1: Growth expanded opportunity, while economic instability led to new efforts to . had the right to be expanded. Other reforms (by some states): movement. Explain your answer. He exerted firm control over his cabinet and delegated real authority only to those whose loyalty to Chapter 28 APUSH Flashcards - Cram.com Hetch Hetchy | Hetch Hetchy Dam & Reservoir History | Yosemite.com Once again, the political pendulum had swung. o Led by Eugene Debs Round percent to hundredths. 02/08/2011. West and East. Jane Addams was an important social worker. We have historic photographs to remind us of what Hetch Hetchy Valley looked like before the dam was built. T he APUSH practice exam appearing below consists of thirty-five multiple-choice questions. This is why environmental impact statements, which were not required prior to 1969, are so important today. Today the Hetch Hetchy Valley is under 300 feet of water and while we may no longer be able to see the valley as it once was, our view has merely been changed. The glacially-carved U-shaped valley floor maximizes the amount of water stored in the reservoir. The Federal Reserve Act set up a system of federal banks and gave the government power over the money supply. [2] Direct Primary and Recall Suffragists argued that suffrage would make important contributions to politics because of women's What was the chief concern of the "Social Gospel"? 1860-1935. Some argued that women had the same "natural rights" -women deserved the same rights as The Battle Over Hetch Hetchy: America's Most Controversial Dam and the Birth of Modern Environmentalism | Oxford Academic Online ISBN: 9780199788934 Print ISBN: 9780195149470 Publisher: Oxford University Press Book The Battle Over Hetch Hetchy: America's Most Controversial Dam and the Birth of Modern Environmentalism Get access Robert W. Righter Issues: If the nation set aside some natural places as especially sacred, how far beyond their borders should a sense of the sacred extend? The falls roar in spring and early summer. o Recall: gave voters the right to remove a public official from office at a special electioncould party continued to develop. The most determined opponents to lynching in the South were southern women (black and white). The Social Gospel was a Movement led by Washington Gladden - taught religion and human dignity would help the middle class overcome problems of industrialization. The text of this article is available for unedited republication, free of charge, using the following credit: Originally published as Friends of the Land: John Muir and Gifford Pinchotin the Winter 2020issue ofHumanitiesmagazine, a publication of the National Endowment for the Humanities. Please notify us at@emailif you are republishing it or have any questions. The new 68-mile (109 km) railroad wound its way up the narrow canyon of the Tuolumne River past sharp curves and up steep 4% grades. Hetch Hetchy: Pros and Cons of Restoration - Yosemite Tales Hetch Hetchy, for the time being, was safe, and it would not be inundated during Roosevelts watch.. Democrats suffered many losses in congress. Campaign for Republican nomination became a battle between Roosevelt and Taft. Roosevelt: Muir argued that every remaining acre of unentered forest-bearing land in all the country . Muir was an immigrant, an evangelist, an individualistic outsider. helped establish the federal government's role in managing the nation's wilderness. Photo: Kim Lawson. San Francisco received permission to build a dam in Hetchy Hetch Valley, a part of Yosemite National Park, causing much controversy. The Women's Christian Temperance Union. San Francisco had its eyes on this water source early on and repeatedly tried to acquire water rights to the Tuolumne River. In 2019, Restore Hetch Hetchy commissioned another study that found enormous recreational value from removing the dam. . As the Hetch Hetchy Valley was part of Yosemite National Park, Hitchcock preferred to protect the parks natural wonders. Like Muir, she felt the beauty of the valley was a national treasure which ought to be preserved. In 1987, President Reagans Secretary of the Interior, Donald Hodel, proposed that Hetch Hetchy be restored. As well dam for water-tanks the peoples cathedrals and churches, for no holier temple has ever been consecrated by the heart of man . San Franciscos water system could not adequately serve its growing population, and the dam presented a solution. John Muir stands with President Theodore Roosevelt on Glacier Point in Yosemite National Park in 1903. Regarding labor issues, Roosevelt was willing to look at the side of the workers, not just the employers. What made Wilson look towards reform issues once again? Pinchot was recognized as a leader of the conservation movement. Their rivalry spoke to rivalries at the core of the American experience. Early twentieth-century clubs turned from cultural to social betterment. What were the different progressive opinions regarding immigration? o Disputes over waterrivers and streams that crossed state lineswho controlled? Roosevelt filed more than 40 additional antitrust suits during the remainder of his presidency. o Creation of a commission to regulate public utilities. Called for arbitration between the groups. To get the electricity they would need, they first built a smaller dam at Lake Eleanor. If youre especially in the mood to relax and let yourself be taken care of, The Blackberry Inn is a luxury bed and breakfast situated on 36 acres and surrounded by National Forest land. Hetch Hetchy was a spectacular high-walled valley within Yosemite National Park. Building a dam there was off the table. Explain. Sheep roamed across these unclaimed lands, clearing grass for miles. He discovered it a few of years later. Theodore Roosevelt led the fight in favor of building a dam at Hetch Hetchy. Hetch Hetchy was a spectacular, high walled valley, in the Yosemite National Park, and was popular with naturalists such as Muir and other Sierra Club members. The muckrakers played a highly visible role during the Progressive Era. The first targets were trusts (particularly the railroad). Aspire to be professionals. Garfield had granted San Franciscos request, but Ballinger ordered the city to show cause as to why Hetch Hetchy should not be deleted from their grant. Hetch Hetchy and Yosemite Valley are so similar because they were created by the same sequences of geological activity. When changes are made there are unintended consequences. But the Hetch Hetchy Valley was within the confines of Yosemite National Park. Many viewed saloons as sources of drunkenness, violence, and occasionally murder. What was the WTUL? Who was Robert La Follette? o The federal government growing upset with the IWW. As we learned from Rachel Carsons Silent Spring, humankind can damage the environment while attempting to control it. John Muir devoted the last years of his life to opposing a dam at Hetch Hetchy.` To bring relief to the situation, United States Secretary of the Treasury George B. Cortelyou ponied up $35 million of Federal money to quell the storm. He said, So we come now face to face with the perfectly clean question of what is the best use to which this water that flows out of the Sierras can be put. (Source: American Rivers, How Dams Damage Rivers). Other trails also continue to Lake Vernon. The law imposed a heavy tax on products of child labor. By February 1908, confidence in the economy was restored. The election offered voters several choices: Wilson's New Freedom, Taft's conservatism, Roosevelt's progressivism, or the Socialist Party Policies of Eugene B. Debs. It spans 900 feet (270 m) with a 17-foot (5.2 m) wide trail across the top that hikers use to cross to the opposite side. Unions: Why did women's suffrage seem such a radical demand during progressive time? Muir deeply inspired Pinchot, who in turn helped influence Muirs writing. Some claimed if women could vote war would become a thing of the pastcalming, maternal influence (WWI gave a final decisive push to suffrage). These clean and comfortable rooms also enjoy access to the pool, spa and other facilities at Yosemite Westgate Lodge. How did this affect other professions? Us too! They also argued that it would help the temperance movementgiving the largest group of supporters a political voice. He wrote, I have always called it the Tuolumne Yosemite, for it is a wonderfully exact counterpart of the great Yosemite, not only in its crystal river and sublime rocks and waterfalls, but in the gardens, groves, and meadows of its flowery park-like floor. Taft was chosen to As a 13.4-mile (21.4 km) round-trip hike, Rancheria Falls gets fewer day-hikers than Wapama Falls but is a popular backpacking stop. While the debate goes on, Hetch Hetchy remains a relaxing and often-overlooked corner of the park much to the delight of hikers and backpackers who prefer less touristy experiences. The team redirected money between banks, secured further international lines of credit, and bought plummeting stocks of healthy corporations. How did their role change over time? Eventually, when the issue was put on a ballot in 1908, it passed and construction of the dam began after World War I. Roosevelt's progressive political policy that favored heavy government intervention in order to assure social justice, nickname for the new Progressive Party, which was formed to support Roosevelt in the election of 1912. Mining and logging interests railed against the plan. Should nature be left alone so that flora and fauna flourish while people enjoy its primal wonders? What professions were considered "suitable" for women? They also remove water needed for healthy in-stream ecosystems. During the first years of his presidency, he was concerned with being reelected. The battle over Hetch Hetchy was a fight to determine whether a beautiful valley would remain in its natural state or service the growing city of San Franciscos water needs. Did Roosevelt run for a third term? If, on the other hand, San Francisco gained control, it would signal in important victory for public power resulting in lower rates for the people. Congress would decide the fate of the Hetchy Hetchy Valley. Start by hiking across the OShaughnessy Dam then turn east along the shore of the reservoir. Referendum: Then, in 1906, a devastating earthquake caused a series of fires in San Francisco that destroyed 25,000 buildings across 490 city blocks. The Blackberry Inn Bed and Breakfast is just one of many welcoming businesses located on the way to Hetch Hetchy. Plus, they needed a way to bring supplies and workers into the mountains.
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