Modified from Beauty from the Beast: Plate Tectonics and the Landscapes of the Pacific Northwest, by Robert J. Lillie, Wells Creek Publishers, 92 pp., 2015, www.amazon.com/dp/1512211893. Tilted layers of thick sandstone (pink) and thin shale (dark) along the coast at Olympic National Park reveal the enormous forces that lifted and deformed the oceanic layers as the Juan de Fuca and North American plates converged. Two parallel mountain ranges commonly develop above such a subduction zone a coastal range consisting of sedimentary strata and hard rock lifted out of the sea (accretionary wedge), and a volcanic range farther inland (volcanic arc). Lassen Peak in Lassen Volcanic National Park is an amalgamation of rhyolite lava domes. The LibreTexts libraries arePowered by NICE CXone Expertand are supported by the Department of Education Open Textbook Pilot Project, the UC Davis Office of the Provost, the UC Davis Library, the California State University Affordable Learning Solutions Program, and Merlot. Where are Puerto Rico and Hispaniola located on the plate? Once youve named most of the plates, draw arrows to show the general plate motions. What caused the Chile earthquake of 1960? Remove unwanted regions from map data QGIS. Usually, one of the converging plates will move beneath the other, a process known as subduction. What type of plate boundary is North American and Eurasian Plates? CC BY. Some parks in the Sierra Nevada Mountains reveal igneous magma chamber rocks that represent the eroded remnants of an ancient subduction zone, when volcanoes similar to those found in the modern Cascade Mountains extended southward all the way through California. . Visitors can witness mountains as they are forming, and sometimes experience the accompanying earthquake and volcanic activity. The east coast of North America is a passive margin and not a plate boundary. The Pacific plate is subducting beneath the Philippine Sea plate to the east while the west/northwestern part of the Philippine Sea plate is subducting beneath the continental Eurasian plate. Western Mexico, where the young and small Rivera Plate and the adjacent large Cocos Plate are subducting beneath the North American Plate, is a unique Not surprisingly, many of the engravings depict landscapes of national parks. The Cascade Volcanoes extend in a north-south line from Mt. The Pacific Northwest is an exciting place to observe geologic processes in action. Produced under a Cooperative Agreement for earth science education between the National Park Service's Geologic Resources Division and the American Geosciences Institute. Many transform boundaries are found on the sea floor, where they connect segments of diverging mid-ocean ridges. This plate is small. Most divergent boundaries are located along mid-ocean oceanic ridges (although some are on land). This highly active convergent plate boundary extends along both sides the Philippine Islands, from Luzon in the north to the Celebes Islands in the south. When caught between the converging Juan de Fuca and North American plates, the pillows and other ocean layers can be lifted upward to more than a mile above sea level. The North American Plate is one of the slowest, averaging around 1 cm/y in the south up to almost 4 cm/y in the north. This affects not only plant and animal communities, but also human habitation and land use. 20 Million Years Ago Taiwan area is the collision boundary between the Philippine Sea plate and the Eurasia plate, which has complex interaction, attracting much attention[3033]. Increased temperature and pressure at that depth cause the rocks to metamorphose and dehydrate (sweat). Jennifer Natoli was a seasonal ranger at Redwood National and State Parks in California. The Cocos Ridge (CR), which formed when the Cocos Plate drifted over the Galapagos Hotspot (Walther, 2003) , is a bathymetric high reaching about 2 km above the surrounding seafloor and stretching about 2000 km long and 200-300 km wide across the Cocos Plate . This plate is rotating counter clockwise in towards the Pacific plate. North America plate, Africa plate, Australia plate, Arabia plate, India plate, Filipino plate. In 1912 the Katmai region erupted an estimated 7 cubic miles (30 cubic kilometers) of ash and pyroclastic material, roughly 50 times the amount that came out of Washingtons Mt. The lake partially fills a collapsed crater (caldera) that formed when a 12,000-foot (3,700-meter) composite volcano, Mt. Modified from The Geology of our National Parks, Monuments and Seashores, by Robert J. Lillie, New York, W. W. Norton and Company, 298 pp., 2005, www.amazon.com/dp/0134905172. If the seafloor rises or falls, giant sea waves (a tsunami) can form. Plate Tectonics | Pacific Northwest Seismic Network It includes the central Caribbean countries and runs along the northern edge of South America. In this region, the Cocos Plate is subducting beneath the North America and Caribbean Plates (ocean-continent convergence), and the South and North America Plates are subducting beneath the Caribbean Plate (ocean-ocean convergence). But given enough time, the Coast Ranges lift up distances we can measure, while at the same time wind, rain, and the pounding of waves wear the landscape back down. Illustrations above modified from Earth: Portrait of a Planet", by S. Marshak, 2001, W. W. Norton & Comp., New York. Figure \(\PageIndex{4}\): Steven Earle. But thousands of eruptions over less than a million years have built Mount Rainier and other Cascade peaks to elevations of more than 10,000 feet (3,000 meters)! Subduction of the Cocos plate beneath the North American plate along the Middle American Trench in Mexico generates large to great earthquakes every 30-100 years. 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fault, Exercise 10.5 Getting to know the plates and their boundaries, 10.3: Geological Renaissance of the Mid-20th Century, 10.04: Plate Plate Motions and Plate Boundary Processes#fig10.4.1, source@https://opentextbc.ca/physicalgeology2ed. The resulting magma ascends through the crust, producing a mountain chain with many volcanoes. This subduction forms the volcanoes of Guatemala, El Salvador, Nicaragua, and Costa Rica, also known as the Central America Volcanic Arc. Along these boundaries, earthquakes are common and magma (molten rock) rises from the Earths mantle to the surface, solidifying to create new oceanic crust. Olympic National Park, Washington Thus subduction-zone volcanoesincluding those in the Cascadescan be explosive (think of the release of steam in a boiling pot of thick oatmeal). Plate Tectonics and Our National Parks (2020), Text and Illustrations by Robert J. Lillie, Emeritus Professor of Geosciences, Oregon State University [E-mail]. A continent-continent collision occurs when a continent or large island that has been moved along with subducting oceanic crust collides with another continent (Figure \(\PageIndex{8}\)). What type of boundary is the San Andreas Fault? Two arms of the triple junction can split to form an entire ocean. Left image Mt. As explained above, most transform faults connect segments of mid-ocean ridges and are thus ocean-ocean plate boundaries (Figure \(\PageIndex{11}\)). Pangea began to rift apart along a line between Africa and Asia and between North America and South America at around 200 Ma. The Pacific Plate is moving to the northwest at a speed of between 7 and 11 centimeters (cm) or ~3-4 inches a year. Kenai Fjords National Park A mid-oceanic ridge, a divergent tectonic plate boundary located along the floor of the Pacific Ocean. Remove the Oregon quarter to reveal cooled magma chamber rocks below. The Cascadia Subduction Zone has two parallel mountain ranges separated by a low region near sea level.
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